毒蕈与易混淆可食蕈菌识别研究初探  

Preliminary study on the identification of poisonous mushrooms and confusable edible mushrooms

作　　者：谢立璟[1] 唐丽萍[2] 

机构地区：[1]中国疾病预防控制中心职业卫生与中毒控制所,北京100050 [2]昆明医科大学药学院暨云南省天然药物药理重点实验室

出　　处：《药物不良反应杂志》2013年第6期330-335,共6页Adverse Drug Reactions Journal

基　　金：卫生部卫生行业科研专项(201202006-02);中国疾病预防控制中心职业卫生与中毒控制所青年科研基金项目(11ZD0503)

摘　　要：目的初步探讨是否能用直观方法识别毒蕈与易混淆可食蕈菌,为确定毒蕈中毒控制工作重点提供依据。方法通过文献检索并结合专家意见筛选我国常见且危害较大毒蕈种类,比较我国部分常见毒蕈与易混淆可食蕈菌的宏观形态特征。野外采集蕈菌标本并进行宏观和微观的传统形态学鉴定。对文献、报刊报道和民间流传的毒蕈直观识别方法进行举例验证。结果初步筛选出15种我国常见且危害较大毒蕈种类,根据专业书籍、文献和既往工作经验对其中部分种类和与其易混淆的可食蕈菌进行宏观形态特征比较,结果证明无法仅根据宏观形态特征鉴别毒蕈与可食蕈菌。对野外采集的12种蕈菌进行传统形态学鉴定(包括宏观和微观形态特征)的结果证明,蕈菌的鉴别必须由专业人员结合宏观和微观依据完成。对6种广泛流传的毒蕈直观识别方法进行举例验证的结果表明,其中任何一种方法均不能成为通用的毒蕈识别方法。结论目前尚无通用直观毒蕈识别方法。毒蕈中毒控制工作应以毒蕈鉴定技术研究及纠正毒蕈识别误区为主。Objective To explore whether it would be possible to distinguish the poisonous mushrooms and the confusable edible mushrooms by visualized method and provide the basis for prevention and treatment of mushroom poisoning. Methods The types of dangerous poisonous mushrooms were confirmed by literature and experts＇ opinions. The macroscopical morphological features were compared between the common poisonous mushrooms and the edible mushrooms. The specimens of mushroom were field-collected and the macroscopical and microcosmic features were identified by traditional morphological method. The visualized identification methods of poisonous mushrooms reported in literature, books and periodicals, and circulated among the people were tested and verified with examples. Results Fifteen kinds of common and dangerous poisonous mushrooms were selected preliminarily. The macroscopical morphological features were compared between the common poisonous mushrooms and the confusable edible mushrooms according to the professional books, literature and the experience. The results of the above- mentioned comparison proved that it was impossible to distinguish the poisonous mushrooms and the confusable edible mushrooms according to macroscopical morphological features only. The traditional morphological features （including both macroscopical and microcosmic features ） of 12 kinds of field- collected mushroom species were identified. The results showed that the identification of mushroom＇s type must be completed by the taxonomic professionals according to the macroscopical and microcosmic features. The results of verification showed that none of the 6 kinds of visualized methods which were widely circulated could be used as general identification method of poisonous mushrooms. Conclusions There is no simple and general visualized identification method for poisonous mushrooms at present. The stress of control poisonous mushrooms poisoning should be put on the study of identifying technique and the correction of misunderstanding in

关 键 词：蕈中毒 可食蕈菌 识别 

分 类 号：R114[医药卫生—卫生毒理学]