冬小麦对不同土壤水分的生理和形态响应  

Physiological and Morphological Responses of Winter Wheat to Soil Moisture

作　　者：吴海卿[1] 段爱旺[1] 杨传福[1] 

机构地区：[1]中国农业科学院农田灌溉研究所,河南新乡453003

出　　处：《华北农学报》2000年第1期92-96,共5页Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica

基　　金：国家自然科学基金!资助项目部分内容 (5 937940 6 )

摘　　要：采用深桶栽培结合测坑法 ,从冬小麦返青至蜡熟期保持不同的土壤水分 ,分生育期对小麦的形态、生理和根系进行了测定。结果表明 :调控土壤水分可明显改变冬小麦根、冠生长量比率。适宜的土壤水分胁迫 (田持的 50 %～ 6 0 % )可促进冬小麦根系发育 ,高土壤水分更有利于地上部生长。土壤水分长期低于田间持水量的 6 0 %时 ,较显著地制约叶片的增大 ,从而减小截获光能的总叶面积 ,最终降低生物学产量和经济产量。土壤水分由“田持”的 4 6 %升高到 55% ,光合速率增幅不大 ,由 55%提高到 6 4 % ,光合速率出现跃迁式增高 ,土壤水分超过 6 4 %后 ,光合速率几乎为等值。说明光合作用对土壤水分存在一个“阈值”反应 ,此值为土壤田间持水量的 6 5%左右。冬小麦的蒸腾速率随土壤水分递增而一直递增 ;综合考虑蒸腾速率与光合速率及水分利用效率之间关系 。With deep pots and non weighting lysimeters,different soil moisture stresses are developed and maintained during turn green to maturing stage in winter wheat.The plant physiological and morphological status and development of root under different soil moistures are measured at all growth stages.It has been shown that the rational regulation of soil moisture can change obviously the ratio of root to shoot,suitable soil moisture stress (50% 60% of field capacity)promotes the development of root system and high soil moisture favors the growth of stem and leaf.The experiment results also show that leaf growth rate reduces when soil moisture content is lower than 60% of field capacity,which leads to total leaf area and solar radiation energy intercepted to decrease,and finally reduces the biological and economical yields in winter wheat.When soil moisture rises to 55% of field capacity from 46% of field capacity,photosynthetic rate increases slightly.However as soil moisture rises to 64% of field capacity from 55% of field capacity,photosynthetic rate increases greatly.If soil moisture is more than 64% field capacity of field capacity,photosynthetic rate almost remains stable.This indicates that photosynthetic rate has the threshold response to soil moisture and the threshold value is about 65% of field capacity.The transpiration rate for winter wheat increases with soil moisture.By considering the relationship among transpiration rate,photosynthetic rate and water use efficiency comprehensively,winter wheat has luxury transpiration to consume much more water under high soil moisture conditions.

关 键 词：土壤水分 冬小麦 光合速率 蒸腾速率 阈值反应 

分 类 号：S512.110.1[农业科学—作物学]