近代俄国律师制度的创建及其影响  

On the Creation of Modern Russian Advokatura and its Influence

作　　者：郭响宏[1] 

机构地区：[1]陕西师范大学历史文化学院,讲师西安710062

出　　处：《世界历史》2014年第1期111-125,161,共15页World History

基　　金：教育部人文社科项目"俄国1864年司法改革与晚期帝俄社会变迁研究"(项目批号:12XJC770006)阶段性研究成果

摘　　要：律师制度是欧美国家普遍采用的一种法律制度,在西方被看作是法治国家不可或缺的组成部分。近代俄国在借鉴西方国家司法实践经验的基础上,于1864年引入了现代律师制度,律师辩护因而成为帝俄晚期司法发展的突出特征之一。近代俄国律师主要有宣誓律师、实习律师、私人律师和地下非法律师四种类型。律师制度建立之初,严格的职业准入,管理上的自治,使律师走上了一条相对独立的职业发展之路。但内部的分裂,社会大众对律师的批评,尤其是沙皇政府采取的限制律师发展的一系列反改革措施,大大影响了律师制度的持续发展。总之,律师制度的创立和实践对推动帝俄晚期的社会变革、促进法治国家建设以及人民法律意识的转变具有积极意义。The lawyer institution is commonly used in legal system by Europe and the United States and it is seen as a part of the country under the rule of law.Based on the judicial experience of western countries,Tsarist government created the advokatura during the judicial reform in 1864.Lawyers 'defense thus became one of the prominent features of judicial system in Imperial Russia.Modern Russian advokatura was mainly divided into four types,which were the sworn attorney,the attorney-intraining,the private lawyer and the underground advokatura.At first,the lawyer institution is relatively independent because of its strict professional access and self-government.But later the advokatura was limited by internal division,public criticism,etc.However,the creation of the lawyer institution was quite significant for Russian social change,transformation of people's law-consciousness and national construction under the rule of law.

关 键 词：俄国 律师制度 社会变革 

分 类 号：D916.5[政治法律—法学] K512[历史地理—历史学]