应用美国国家环境保护署吸入风险模型评估职业危害的研究  

A Study on Application of Inhalation Risk Assessment Model of USEPA in Occupational Health Risk Assessment

作　　者：周莉芳[1] 张美辨[1] 袁伟明[1] 邹华[1] 

机构地区：[1]浙江省疾病预防控制中心,浙江杭州310051

出　　处：《浙江预防医学》2014年第2期109-113,127,共6页Zhejiang Journal of Preventive Medicine

基　　金：浙江省医药卫生科技计划项目(2013KYA042)

摘　　要：目的：研究美国国家环境保护署（USEPA）吸入风险评估模型在造纸、化工和电镀等行业应用的适用性和可行性。方法以造纸、化工和电镀行业的11家企业为研究对象，应用该模型对各企业重点岗位进行风险评估。计算非致癌效应风险值和致癌风险值，判定化学物所致职业健康风险水平，并与职业接触限值、职业病危害作业分级和文献比较。结果造纸行业接触硫化氢导致鼻嗅黏膜病变的危害商数为36.3；化工行业有机硅合成企业一氯甲烷合成岗位接触氯化氢所致鼻咽、气管黏膜增生的危害商数为8.2，氯甲烷所致小脑病变危害商数为1.4；农药厂离心、投料岗位接触氨所致肺功能下降或呼吸道疾病症状加重的危害商数分别为1.5和1.2；化学溶剂厂灌装岗位接触二甲苯所致运动协调障碍的危害商数为2.4；电镀行业接触氯化氢所致鼻咽、气管黏膜增生的危害商数为2.3～75.3，接触铬酸盐或重铬酸盐所致鼻部损害的危害商数为192.5～25675。造纸、化工和电镀行业各岗位危害商数均大于1，均判定为高风险水平。电镀行业镀铬岗位接触铬酸盐或重铬酸盐所致肺癌的致癌性风险值为0.001～0.1647，大于10-4，判定为高风险水平。如按中国职业卫生标准评估，仅有1家电镀企业镀铬岗位检出浓度超标，其风险识别效力不及USEPA模型。结论该模型适用于造纸、化工和电镀行业职业病危害风险评估。与中国职业卫生标准相比，它更易识别危险作业岗位。Objective To evaluate the applicability of inhalation risk assessment model provided by US Environmental Protection Agency （USEPA ） in occupational health risk assessment in paper -making,chemical and electroplating industries.Methods A total of 1 1 factories in paper-making,chemical and electroplating industries were investigated. The risk assessment model of USEPA was used to assess occupational health risk levels,including cancer and non-cancer risks.These results were compared with occupational exposure limits,classification of occupational hazards and related literatures.Results The hazard quotient （HQ）of nasal lesions of the olfactory mucosa caused by hydrogen sulfide in paper-making industry was 36.3.The HQs of hyperplasia of nasal mucosa larynx and trachea caused by hydrogen chloride and cerebellar lesions caused by methyl chloride in organosilicon synthesis factory were 8.2 and 1.4 respectively.The HQs of decreased pulmonary function or increased severity of rhinitis and pneumonia caused by ammonia in pesticide factory were 1.2 and 1 .5 respectively.The HQ of impaired motor coordination caused by xylenes in chemical solvent factory was 2.4. The HQs of hyperplasia of nasal mucosa larynx and trachea caused by hydrogen chloride and nasal septum atrophy caused by hexavalent chromium in electroplating industry were 2.3-75.3 and 1 92.5 -25 675 respectively .The risk levels of paper-making,chemical and electroplating industries were all identified as high on the basis of evidence showing that HQs were all higher than 1 .The risk of lung cancer caused by hexavalent chromium in electroplating industry was 0.001 -0.1 647.The results of risk assessment were consistent with the reported literature.Conclusion Inhalation risk assessment model provided by USEPA can be used to assess the occupational health risks of paper -making, chemical and electroplating industries and have better identification ability.

关 键 词：风险评估 职业健康 非致癌风险 致癌风险 

分 类 号：R13[医药卫生—劳动卫生]