2012年上海市工作场所电焊烟尘的定量暴露评估  

Quantitative Exposure Assessment of Welding Fumes in Workplaces of Shanghai in 2012

作　　者：刘美霞[1] 杨凤[1] 丁文彬[1] 郭薇薇[1] 瞿菁[1] 尹艳[1] 贾晓东[1] 

机构地区：[1]上海市疾病预防控制中心职业卫生与中毒控制科,上海200336

出　　处：《环境与职业医学》2014年第2期81-87,共7页Journal of Environmental and Occupational Medicine

基　　金：上海市第三轮"公共卫生三年行动计划"学科人才建设项目(重点学科)劳动卫生学项目(编号:12GWZX0502)

摘　　要：[目的]了解2012年上海市工作场所电焊烟尘总尘的暴露水平,分析影响暴露的主要因素。[方法]开展职业病危害因素主动监测。运用三阶段抽样法抽取178家各类企业204个车间的534名电焊工人作为研究对象,个体采样器呼吸带采样,重量法测定现场空气电焊烟尘总尘的浓度。应用调查问卷现场调查、收集可能影响暴露的因素,运用描述性统计分析、混合效应模型及过量暴露概率对电焊烟尘总尘进行定量暴露评估。[结果]共获得534份电焊烟尘样品,浓度检测值呈对数正态分布,几何均数为(1.6±3.9)mg/m3,超标率23.2%。算术均数估算值为4.0 mg/m3,过量暴露概率为0.273。混合效应模型显示,造船行业和金属制造业、大中型企业和室内施焊电焊烟尘暴露水平明显增高(P<0.05);而氩弧焊和良好通风处电焊烟尘暴露水平明显降低(P<0.05)。良好的通风可使同等焊接工艺的电焊烟尘浓度降低34%。[结论]上海市整体作业场所电焊烟尘暴露水平高,可能会引起较大的健康风险,应优先制定和开展电焊烟尘防控措施。行业、企业规模、焊接工艺种类、通风效果、作业点特征是影响电焊烟尘总尘浓度的主要因素。本研究也证实良好的通风可有效减少电焊烟尘总尘暴露。[Objective] To quantify the exposure levels of welding fumes in Shanghai’s workplaces in 2012 and to explore the factors that impact the exposure levels. [Methods] An occupational hazard active surveillance program was conducted among 534 welders recruited from 204 workshops in 178 enterprises through three-stage sampling strategy. Personal sampling and gravimetric measurement were applied for total dust concentration of welding fumes. A questionnaire on site was used to collect the information about potential impact factors for the welders. Descriptive statistics, mixed effect models, and probabilities of overexposure were utilized for quantitative exposure assessment. [Results] Totally 534 air samples were collected and the concentrations fit lognormal distribution. The geometric mean dust concentrations was （1.6±3.9）mg/m3. The percentage of the samples exceeding occupational exposure limit （OEL） reached 23.2%. The estimated arithmetic mean of the welding fumes samples was 4.0 mg/m3. The probability of overexposure reached up to 0.273. The results of mixed effect model showed that the exposure levels were significantly higher （P 〈 0.05） in shipbuilding, metal production enterprises, and large-medium sized factories, as well as factories with indoor welding than the others in the same category, while the exposure levels in worksites using argon arc welding and with good ventilation were significantly lower （P 〈 0.05）. The exposure levels in workplaces with good ventilation were decreased by 34% compared to those with bad ventilation in the same work conditions. [Conclusion] The exposure level of welding fumes in Shanghai’s workplaces is very high, which might lead to increased risk of developing welder pneumoconiosis. It should set priority to formulate and implement effective interventions for workers exposed to welding fumes. Industry type, enterprise size, type of welding, location of welding activities, and effectiveness of ventilation are main impact factors. This study also confirm

关 键 词：电焊烟尘 总尘 定量暴露评估 混合效应模型 暴露影响因素 

分 类 号：R134[医药卫生—劳动卫生]