渭北旱塬果园土壤干燥化生态修复方式效应研究  

Effects of ecological restoration methods on soil desiccation of apple orchard in Weibei Dry Plateau

作　　者：岳忠娜[1] 海江波[1] 尚辉[1] 李军平[2] 

机构地区：[1]西北农林科技大学农业部西北黄土高原作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室,陕西杨凌712100 [2]陕西省陇县农业技术推广中心,陕西陇县721200

出　　处：《西北农林科技大学学报（自然科学版）》2014年第2期222-228,234,共8页Journal of Northwest A&F University(Natural Science Edition)

基　　金：陕西省科学技术研究发展计划项目(2011NXC01-17);国家"863"计划项目"作物生境过程光能利用调控技术"(2013AA1 00100902)

摘　　要：【目的】探讨不同生态修复方式对渭北旱塬果园土壤水分和果树光合特性的影响。【方法】2012-05-12,以地处渭北旱塬的陕西陇县梁甫村10年生红富士苹果园为研究对象,设置秸秆覆盖、起垄覆膜、微孔梯度深层集水、秸秆覆盖＋起垄覆膜、秸秆覆盖＋微孔梯度深层集水、起垄覆膜＋微孔梯度深层集水、起垄覆膜＋微孔梯度深层集水＋秸秆覆盖7个处理,以裸地为对照（CK）,于7-11月每月30号采集果园0~2m土层土样测定土壤含水量,8-9月每月30号测定果树叶片光合特性。【结果】各处理0~2m土层土壤平均含水量均高于对照,其中以起垄覆膜＋微孔梯度深层集水＋秸秆覆盖处理的效果最好,其0~1m土层土壤含水量比对照提高9.83%,1~2m土层土壤含水量比对照提高7.91%,其次是秸秆覆盖＋微孔梯度深层集水处理,其0~1和1~2m土层土壤含水量分别比对照增加8.55%和7.40%;不同生态修复方式均能明显提高苹果树的净光合速率（Pn）、蒸腾速率（Tr）和气孔导度（Gs）,且均以起垄覆膜＋微孔梯度深层集水＋秸秆覆盖处理最高,其Pn、Tr、Gs分别比对照提高了18.46%,0.90%和52.94%。各生态修复处理的Pn均与对照差异达极显著水平（P〈0.01）,而在Tr和Gs中,除起垄覆膜＋微孔梯度深层集水＋秸秆覆盖和秸秆覆盖＋微孔梯度深层集水处理与对照差异达显著水平（P〈0.05）外,其他处理均与对照差异不显著。Pn、Tr、Gs与土壤含水量呈正相关线性关系。【结论】微孔梯度深层集水方式与地表覆盖方式相结合能够大幅度提高土壤水分含量,影响果树光合特性,其中以起垄覆膜＋微孔梯度深层集水＋秸秆覆盖方式效果最好,可作为改善果园土壤干燥化的方法加以利用。[Objective] The study aimed to explore changes of apple orchard soil moisture and photo synthetic characteristics in Weibei Dry Plateau due to different ecological restoration methods. [Method] On May to December 2012, taking a ten-year-old Fuji apple orchard which located in Liangfu, Long County, Shaanxi Province in Loess Plateau as test object, eight treatments including nudation （CK）, straw mulc- hing,film-covering ridge, microporous gradient catchment, straw mulching q-film-covering ridge, straw mulching＋microporous gradient catchment, film-covering ridge ＋ microporous gradient catchment, and film-covering ridge＋ microporous gradient catchment ＋ straw mulching were conducted. On the 30th of each month from July to November,orchard soil samples in depth of 0--2 m were collected to measure soil moisture. On the 30th of each month from August to September,measure photosynthetic characteristics of fruit tree leaves were measured. [Result] Average soil water contents at depth of 0 2 of all treatments were larger than that of the CK. Film-covering ridge＋ microporous gradient catchment＋ straw mulching had the highest content with 9.83~ increase at depth of 0--1 m and 7.91% increase at depth of 1--2 m. The second best treatment was microporous gradient catchment＋straw mulching with increases of 8.55 and 7.40% at depths of 0-- 1 m and 1 -- 2 m, respectively. All ecological restoration methods significantly increased the photosynthetic rate （Pn）,the transpiration rate （Tr） and the stomatal conductance （Gs） of apple trees. The best treatment was film-covering ridge＋microporous gradient catchment＋ straw mulching with increase of Pn, Tr and Gs by 18. 46%, 0. 9% and 52. 94%, respectively. Extremely significantly differences were observed between Pn of all treatments and CK （P〈0. 01）, and between Tr and Gs of treatments film-covering ridge＋ microporous gradient catchment＋ straw mulching and straw mulching ＋ microporous gradient catchment. Pn, Tr, and Gs were linearly positively

关 键 词：苹果园 渭北旱塬 土壤干燥化 地表覆盖方式 微孔梯度深层集水 土壤水分 光合特性 

分 类 号：S661.106.1[农业科学—果树学]