三峡库区万州段农村环境卫生现状与健康潜在危害因素研究  

Research of rural sanitation situation and potential health hazards in Wanzhou section of Three Gorges Reservoir Area

作　　者：罗超[1] 冉贞卫[1] 周新[1] 颜朝阳[1] 张学建[1] 王军[1] 程永红[1] 刘纯华[1] 

机构地区：[1]重庆市万州区疾病预防控制中心,万州404000

出　　处：《国外医学（医学地理分册）》2014年第1期17-22,共6页Foreign Medical Sciences：Section of Medgeography

基　　金：中央财政转移支付项目(No.201203066)

摘　　要：目的了解万州区农村居民环境卫生现状与人群健康主要潜在危害因素，为制定环境保护与疾病防治策略提供科学依据。方法用多阶段整群抽样方法，随机抽取10个镇乡、40个行政村、200户作为调查对象。通过查阅资料、现场访谈与观察及实验室检测等方法获得监测数据。用Excel软件建立数据库，用描述法对数据统计分析。结果①在万州农村有92．24％镇乡所在地没有垃圾处置场及生活垃圾处置设施。37个镇乡都没有污水处理厂及收集污水的管网等设施。有的养殖场污水随意排放，并对周边环境及水域产生了一定影响。40个监测点822人中1年内有腹泻、腹痛、发热症状者的阳性率分别为1．7％、1．58％、1．09％。有喝生水习惯占13．0％，使用农村自来水占52．5％，使用井水和泉水分别占23％和19．5％，有5％的人仍以沟、塘、渠河水作为生活用水。农村自来水合格率17．42％。无洗手习惯的占2．5％。生活垃圾随意丢弃在院坝四周有72户，占36％。生活污水随意排放的占35．5％。②调查200户农户中，每户有1～3处鼠、蚊、蝇、蟑螂等病媒生物孳生栖息场所，如猪圈、牛圈或鸡鸭圈舍者占63．5％，有柴草堆的占46．5％，有垃圾固定堆放点的占13．0％，有旱厕的占调查农户的28％，农户院周有污水沟、水池等场所的占调查农户的10％。粪便经三格式化粪池和沼气池无害化处理有129户，占64．5％。积水容器孑孓阳性率22．13％。200个监测户中有臭味、蛆蝇、粪便暴露的厕所分别占66％、65％、39％。农户被鼠、蟑螂、苍蝇的侵害率分别为55．oo％、51．50％、59．50％。万州段农区人群土源线虫感染率为15．9％。③40份土壤样品蛔虫卵检出率为17．50％，其活蛔虫卵检出率2．50％。40份土壤样镉、铅含量检测值均在标准限值内。结论该地农村环境卫生基础设�Objective Learn Wanzhou District Rural sanitation status and main potential human health hazards, provide a scientific basis for decision-making departments of government to develop environmental protection and disease prevention strategies. Methods Using multi-stage cluster sampling method, randomly selected 10 towns and villages, 40 administrative villages, 200 families for the survey. Through access to information, field interviews and observations and laboratory testing and other methods to obtain monitoring data. Microsoft Excel was used to establish a database, Analyze with Descriptive statistical analysis method. Results① In rural areas of Wanzhou,90.24% of township has no garbage disposal sites and waste disposal facilities, 37 towns have no sewage treatment plants and sewerage pipe network and other, facilities. Some farms indiscriminate discharge of sewage, And the surrounding environment and the waters had an impact. 40 monitoring points 822people in a year, Diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever symptoms, the positive rate was 1.7%, 1.58%, 1.09%. Habit of drinking unboiled water, the use of rural water supply, the use of wells and springs, the positive rate was 13.0%, 52.5% ,23% ,19.5%, 5% of people still use ditch, pond, canal water as domestic water. Pass rate is 17.42% in rural water supply. No hand-washing habits accounted for 2. 5%. Garbage thrown away around is 36%. Indiscriminate discharge of domestic sewage accounted for 35. 5%. ② In 200 households in the survey, every household has 1-3 piece＇ Rats, mosquitoes, flies, cockroaches and other biological vector breeding habitats, Pen, rodeo or poultry sheds 63.5 %, Firewood pile accounted for 46.5 %, Fixed garbage dump sites accounted for 13.0 %, aqua accounted for 28%, bilges, pools and other places accounted for 10%. After three formats septic tanks and manure digesters harmless treatment accounted for 64.5 %. Water containers larvae positive rate is 22.13 %. smell, maggots, toilet exposure is 66%, 65%, 39% in 200 monitored households. By rats, c

关 键 词：环境卫生 健康 危害因素 

分 类 号：R122[医药卫生—环境卫生学]