神舟飞船降落伞系统减速策略及其可靠性验证  

The deceleration strategy and reliability validation of the parachute system on the Shenzhou spacecraft

作　　者：荣伟[1] 高树义[1] 李健[1] 林斌[1] 雷江利[1] 王海涛[2] 贾贺[1] 

机构地区：[1]北京空间机电研究所,北京100094 [2]国防科技大学航天科学与工程学院,长沙410073

出　　处：《中国科学：技术科学》2014年第3期251-260,共10页Scientia Sinica(Technologica)

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(批准号:10832001)资助项目

摘　　要：针对神舟飞船回收着陆的初始条件、约束条件以及飞船的相关特点,提出了降落伞系统的总体方案和分级减速方案,并对降落伞的开伞方式及工作程序进行了设计,特别是针对特大型主伞开伞过程中的特点,首次采用了牵顶伞与剥离带相结合的预充气控制技术,实现了拉直初始充气过程中,全时段对主伞顶部的有效控制,解决了主伞顶部抽打现象的发生,确保了主伞开伞的可靠性.介绍了降落伞系统的主要可靠性分析验证情况.经过大量的地面试验、仿真试验、空投试验和无人飞行试验以及载人飞行试验的验证,表明神舟飞船降落伞系统工作性能稳定、可靠,能够确保返回舱的安全着陆,保证航天员的安全返回.According to the initial conditions and the constraints of the recovery and landing process for the Shenzhou spacecraft, and its related characteristics, it is put forward the overall scheme and hierarchical parachute system deceleration scheme in the paper. The parachute opening mode and working procedures is designed, especially the pre-inflation control technology with a combination of the apex parachute and vent control bridle for the large main parachute opening characteristics is used firstly. In the process of the parachute deployment and initial inflation, the effective control of the main parachute top all the time is achieved, the forming of bull whipping phenomenon is solved effectively, the reliability of the main parachute opening is ensured. The reliability of the parachute system is verified by lots of ground tests, simulation tests, drop tests, unmanned flight tests and manned flight tests. It is indicated that the parachute system for Shenzhou spacecraft is stable and reliable, which can ensure the safety of capsule landing and astronauts return.

关 键 词：载人飞船 神舟飞船 回收着陆系统 降落伞 

分 类 号：V445.23[航空宇航科学与技术—飞行器设计]