清至民国陕西水旱灾害研究  

A Tentative Study of Occurrence Characteristics of Floods and Droughts in Shaanxi during the Period from Qing to the Republic of China

作　　者：耿占军[1] 仇立慧[2] 

机构地区：[1]西安文理学院长安历史文化研究中心,陕西西安710065 [2]西安文理学院文化与旅游学院,陕西西安710065

出　　处：《中国历史地理论丛》2014年第1期39-47,56,共10页Journal of Chinese Historical Geography

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目"中国西部旱灾的社会应对研究(1644-1949)";(12XZS015)陕西省社会科学基金项目"清至民国陕西农业自然灾害研究";(11J052)西安市科技计划项目"明清时期秦岭水资源变化对生态环境及社会影响研究--以陕南汉江上游为例"(CXY1352WL33)阶段性成果

摘　　要：清至民国的306年是陕西自然灾害频发的一个时期,其中危害最为严重的是旱灾和水灾,总计旱灾发生年193年,水灾发生年242年。根据资料分析,平均1.55年有一个旱灾年,1.26年有一个水灾年,频繁性是水旱灾害发生的一个显著特点;水旱灾害的发生还呈现出比较明显的增长趋势,其高发期也与"明清小冰期"的气候冷暖波动或冷暖交替时期基本对应;从灾害影响的范围来看,旱灾具有广泛性的特点,较大面积以上的旱灾年可占旱灾年总数的51.3%,水灾则具有局部性的特点,较大面积以上的水灾年仅占水灾年总数的29.34%;就水旱灾害发生的地区而言,旱灾主要集中于关中和陕北,水灾则主要集中于关中和陕南,地域性是水旱灾害的一个共同特点;水旱灾害的发生都具有比较明显的季节性,关中和陕北地区的旱灾主要集中于夏、秋二季,陕南的旱灾则主要集中于夏、春两季;陕西各地的水灾则以秋季为最多,夏季次之;水旱灾害在年际发生特点上具有各自的周期,陕北旱灾变化的周期是40、80年,关中是80年,陕南是20、50年,陕北水灾变化表现出35、90年的变化周期,关中和陕南为30、80年的变化周期。There were frequent natural disasters in Shaanxi province for a period of 306 years from Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China. Among these disasters, droughts and floods were the most harmful. Droughts occurred 193 times and once every 1.55 years, floods occurred 242 times and once every 1.26 years. According to the relevant statistics and analysis, frequent occurrence was a signifi- cant feature of floods and droughts. Floods and droughts also had obviously growth trend, the period of high incidence corresponded with climatic fluctuation or alternating cold and warm periods in the Little Ice Age of Ming and Qing Dynasty. From the scope of their harmful influence, droughts oc- curred universally, while floods occurred only in parts of areas. And spatially, they had significant re- gional characteristics which droughts occurred mainly in Area of Guanzhong and North of Shaanxi, floods occurred mainly in the Area of Guanzhong and South of Shaanxi. Drought disasters occurred mainly in summer and autumn seasons in the area of Guanzhong and North of Shaanxi , and mainly in summer and spring seasons in the South. Flood disasters occurred mainly in autumn season, followed by summer. The cycle of drought disaster was 40 and 80 years in the north of Shaanxi, 80 years in Guanzhong Area, 20 and 50 years in the south of Shaanxi. The cycle of flood disaster was 35 and 90 years in the north of Shaanxi, 30 and 80 years in Guanzhong Area and north of Shaanxi.

关 键 词：清代 民国 陕西 水灾 旱灾 

分 类 号：K251[历史地理—历史学] P429[历史地理—中国史]