肯尼亚蒙巴萨塔纳号沉船出水的中国瓷器  

The Chinese Porcelains Salvaged from Mombasa Wreck in Kenya

作　　者：秦大树[1] 徐华烽[1] 默罕默德.玛初拉 

机构地区：[1]北京大学考古文博学院 [2]肯尼亚国立博物馆滨海考古部

出　　处：《故宫博物院院刊》2014年第2期6-24,158,共19页Palace Museum Journal

基　　金：商务部文化援外项目"中国和肯尼亚合作实施拉穆群岛地区考古项目(课题研究部分)"成果之一;国家指南针计划专项项目"东非地区出土中国古代外销瓷的综合研究"(项目编号:20130302)的资助

摘　　要："蒙巴萨沉船"是一艘有40门大炮的葡萄牙快速帆船,名为圣·安托尼奥·塔纳号。于1697年在阿曼阿拉伯人与葡萄牙人的作战中沉没于肯尼亚蒙巴萨市老港口耶稣堡前的水域。20世纪70年代开始发掘,是世界上最早的水下考古工作之一。中国瓷器是发掘中最重要的出水物品。作为一批重要的纪年资料,完整性和保存状况良好,其功能不同于一般的贸易品,是一艘军舰上官兵使用的日常用器,具有重要的学术价值。本文全面报告了蒙巴萨沉船出水的238件(片)中国瓷器,对不同窑口和器类进行了统计,探讨了顺治、康熙时期的"一叶盘"和广东产粗胎罐两类器物。研究表明,这些中国瓷器主要是景德镇窑、福建南部和广东的产品,分为精细和粗率两类产品,可能分属于船上不同等级的军人。但整体上比荷兰东印度公司的沉船中出水的瓷器质量要低。可见,葡萄牙人在丢失了印度洋航线的贸易主导权后,依然在进行着小规模的瓷器贸易。他们应该是从景德镇不同于荷兰东印度公司的作坊中订货,而且是水平较低的景德镇民窑瓷器和更加粗陋的福建地区民窑瓷器,因此产品的质量和风格都有一些差别。Mombasa, once named Santo Antonio de Tanna, was a Portuguese frigate with 40 artilleries.It sank to the bottom of the sea in front of the Fort Jesus of Mombasa city of Kenya during the war between Oman Arabs and Portuguese in 1697. Of the objects that have been found from the wreckage ever since the underwater archaeological research started in the 1970s are there a great amount of perfectly preserved Chinese porcelains which were used for daily life of the navy ship. This paper analyzes the information provided by the 238 pieces of Chinese porcelain wares and shards by counting and classifying them by maker and type. It has been found that majority of the porcelains including finely-made and crudelymade products which probably served the military personnel of different ranks were made in the kilns of Jingdezhen, Southern Fujian and Guangdong, China. These wares as a whole are of lower quality than those from the shipwrecks of Dutch East Indian Co. which, from a different angle, reflects that the Portuguese were keeping small-scaled business with the non-official kilns of Jingdezhen and Fujian area instead of the workshops of the Dutch East Indian Co. after they failed to dominate the commercial route over Indian Ocean. So the wares from different kilns take on varied styles and qualities.

关 键 词：肯尼亚 蒙巴萨沉船 水下考古 中国瓷器 海上贸易 

分 类 号：K876.3[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]