现代热力学基础简介  

BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO FUNDAMENTALS OF MODERN THERMODYNAMICS

作　　者：王季陶[1] 

机构地区：[1]复旦大学电子工程系,上海200433

出　　处：《物理》2000年第9期524-530,共7页Physics

基　　金：国家自然科学基金;国家"八六三"高技术计划;教育部科技司和外事司;科技部基础研究司资助

摘　　要：从热力学基本定律的现代表达式 (diS≥ 0 ,diS是体系的熵产生 )能直接预测同时发生的反应有发生反应耦合 [diS1<0 ,diS2 >0和diS1+diS2 ≥ 0 ;diS1和diS2 是反应的熵产生 ]的可能 ,但是长期以来无法得到定量证明 .在激活低压气相生长金刚石的热力学研究中 ,发现该体系就是反应耦合的定量化例证 ,相应地得到了一个非平衡零耗散热力学 [diS1<0 ,diS2 >0和diS1+diS2 =0 ]的全新热力学分支领域 .非平衡定态相图的计算就是该领域的重要结果 ,并与大量的金刚石气相生长实验相符 .非平衡零耗散体系是在外界强制条件下的一种定态体系 ,强制条件减弱为零时就成为平衡体系 .现代热力学对开放体系相关的近代高新科技领域有重要意义 .Reaction coupling [d\-iS\-1<0,d\-iS\-2>0 and d\-i\-1+d\-iS\-2≥0,where d\-iS\-1 and d\-iS\-2 are the entropies produced in reaction] between simultaneous reactions is possible based on the prediction directly from modern formulation of thermodynamic basic law[d\-iS≥0,where d\-iS is the enropy produced in any system].However,such reaction coupling has not been quantitatively demonstrated.After thermodynamic studies on activated low pressure diamond growth from the vapor phase,it has been found that the diamond growth system is just the quantitative demonstration of reaction coupling.Correspondingly,a new branch of nonequilibrium zero\|dissipative thermodynamics[d\-iS\-1<0,d\-iS\-2>0 and d\-iS\-1+d\-iS\-2=0] has emerged in thermodynamics.Calculations for phase diagrams of stationary nonequilibrium states are important results in such a branch field.The calculated phase diagrams agree with a number of diamond growth experiments.Nonequilibrium zero\|dissipative systems are special systems of stationary states under external constrained conditions.If the external constrained conditions disappear,the system will become an equilibrium system.Modern thermodynamics is of great importance in many fields of new science and technology,in which open systems are often concerned.

关 键 词：热力学 反应耦合 非平衡定态 相图 金刚石 

分 类 号：O414.1[理学—理论物理]