中国水稻种植机械化高产农艺研究现状及发展探讨  

Research Status and Development Discussion on High-Yielding Agronomy of Mechanized Planting Rice in China

作　　者：张洪程[1] 龚金龙[1] 

机构地区：[1]扬州大学农学院/农业部长江流域稻作技术创新中心/江苏省作物遗传生理重点实验室,江苏扬州225009

出　　处：《中国农业科学》2014年第7期1273-1289,共17页Scientia Agricultura Sinica

基　　金：国家粮食丰产科技工程资助项目(2011BAD16B03);农业部超级稻专项(02318802013231);江苏省科技支撑项目(BE2012301);江苏省农业科技自主创新项目(CX(12)1003-9);农业部公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201303102)

摘　　要：水稻种植机械化是中国作物机械化生产的难点。论文在回顾中国水稻机械化种植发展概况的基础上,重点总结与阐述水稻3种机械化种植方式下的高产规律与栽培农艺。(1)系统归纳了盘育毯苗机插水稻的生长发育特性,重点阐述了毯苗机插稻的高产形成规律,即以合理的茎蘖动态与LAI动态,提高群体中后期光合物质生产能力;以合理增加生育中期有效与高效生长量,提高抽穗后物质生产积累量与最终生物学产量;以足量穗数与较大穗型协调产出足够的群体总颖花量,并保持通常的结实率与粒重。同时介绍了相配套的高产栽培农艺:①培育标准化壮秧,提供构建高产群体起点的生物基础;②机械精确栽插,形成高质量群体起点;③前期及早促进,在有效分蘖临界叶龄期稍前群体茎蘖数够到高产适宜穗数值;④及早适度搁田,把群体高峰苗控制为适宜穗数值的1.4—1.5倍,为及早重施壮秆促花肥创造条件;⑤主攻中期优化生长,增加有效与高效生长量,以适量壮秆大穗构成高光效群体;⑥强化后期物质生产与积累,提高群体库容充实量。(2)系统介绍了钵苗机插水稻高产栽培具有的诸多优势:利于精确培育大秧龄带土钵壮秧;几乎无植伤地精确机插;可精确实现高产栽培设计的基本苗;利于培育适宜数量的壮秆大穗,改善群体通风透光条件,增强植株抗倒性;源库较协调,群体中后期光合生产能力强,利于稳定高产与创造超高产;同时可充分利用温光资源,利于多熟制周年高产。实施高产栽培的关键农艺为:①精确培育加大秧龄的壮秧;②精确定量机插;③适当重施分蘖肥与促花肥。(3)阐述了机直播稻生长发育特点与产量形成特征,介绍了合理确定机直播稻种植范围、选用相适生育期的抗倒大穗型品种、抢早机械精播、切实加强化学除草与肥水管理等增产增效的农艺措施。同时,进一步分�Rice planting mechanization is a difficult point of the whole-course mechanized development in crop production in China. Based on the reviewing of development situation of rice planting mechanization in China, the high-yielding rules and cultivation techniques of three mechanized planting methods were highlighted and illustrated. （1） Growth characteristics and high-yielding rules of blanket-seedling mechanical transplanting rice grown in floppy disks were generalized systematically. Firstly, population photosynthesis and matter production at the middle and later period were improved by developing appropriate dynamics of stems and tillers and LAI. Secondly, it was the emphasis to increase the effective and efficient biomass accumulation in the middle period, and matter production after heading and the final biological yield. Thirdly, the sufficient population spikelets were composed of enough panicles and larger spike harmoniously, with normal seed-setting rate and 1000-grain weight at the same time. Moreover, the supporting cultivation techniques for high yield were as follows. ① Nursing standardized seedlings for providing biological basis of building starting point of high-yielding population. ② Precise mechanical planting was conducive to the formation of high-yielding population. ③ Promoting tillers growth earlier in the early period could make sure of suitable stems and tillers for high yield slightly before the critical leaf-age for productive tillers. ④ Field draining earlier and lighter, with an appropriate number of peak seedling （1.4-1.5 folds of expected panicle number）, could create conditions for reapplying fertilizer of strong stalk and spikelet promotion as early as possible. ⑤ Committed to optimize the growth in the middle period and increase the effective and efficient biomass accumulation, a right amount of population stems and tillers with strong stalk and large panicle was beneficial to constitute a high-efficiency photosynthetic layer. ⑥ Strengthening material production a

关 键 词：水稻 种植机械化 高产规律 栽培农艺 发展方向 

分 类 号：S233.71[农业科学—农业机械化工程]