1991—2010年中国主要粮食作物生物灾害发生特征分析  

Analysis of Biological Disasters in Main Food Crops of China

作　　者：欧阳芳[1] 门兴元 戈峰[1] 

机构地区：[1]中国科学院动物研究所/农业虫害鼠害综合治理研究国家重点实验室,北京100101 [2]山东农业科学院植物保护研究所,山东济南250100

出　　处：《生物灾害科学》2014年第1期1-6,共6页Biological Disaster Science

基　　金：环保部专项(STSN-04-04);国家自然科学基金重点项目(31030012)

摘　　要：生物灾害发生种类繁多和暴发频繁,是威胁我国粮食安全生产的重要因素。利用中国植物保护统计数据、粮食作物产量数据和农田土地覆盖类型分布遥感数据,重点分析中国1991年到2010年20年期间四类重要粮食作物病虫害发生面积和发生强度的变化趋势,以及其空间分布范围。结果表明:从1991年到2010年水稻、玉米和大豆病虫害发生面积均显著增加;水稻、小麦、玉米和大豆病虫害发生强度均显著增加。随着粮食作物病虫害发生面积增大,其发生强度均呈增加趋势。病害与虫害相比,无论是发生面积,还是发生强度,粮食作物的虫害均高于病害。粮食作物病虫害主要分布在我国中东部的粮食主产区,西部地区主要粮食作物病虫害发生相对较轻。为了有效地防止或减少病虫害等生物灾害对粮食生产安全的影响,目前应当加强农田景观变化和气候变化等对粮食农作物病虫害的影响诊断、发生与灾变的风险评估和监测预警,改善农田生态环境,开展区域性农田生态系统病虫害整合治理研究,并建立相应的对策。Frequent outbreaks of biological disasters are important factors threatening the safe food production in China. Using statistical data of plant protection, crop yields, and land coverage type distribution by remote sensing in China, this paper focused on analyzing the tendency of pest occurrence areas and intensity, and its spatial distribution ranges in four important food crops from 1991 to 2010. Results showed that the occurrence areas of diseases and insects in rice, corn and soybean significantly increased, and the occurrence intensity of diseases and pests in all four crops also significantly increased. The occurrence intensity increased with the increase in occurrence areas. Besides, the occurrence areas and intensity of crop pests were higher than that of crop diseases. Food crop diseases and crop pests mainly distributed in the major grain producing areas in Middle and Eastern regions in China, while these in Western region were relatively light. In order to effectively＆amp;nbsp;prevent or reduce the effect of biological disasters on the safe grain production, we should strengthen the diagnosis of the influence of farmland landscape and climate changes on crop diseases and crop pests, establish the risk assessment and monitoring and early warning of biological disasters, improve the ecological environment of farmland, promote the integrated pest management researches on regional farmland ecosystem, and then take corresponding countermeasures.

关 键 词：粮食作物 生物灾害 发生面积 发生强度 空间分布 

分 类 号：S431[农业科学—农业昆虫与害虫防治]