监测降雨技术变革对土壤侵蚀研究的影响  

Development of Rainfall Monitoring Equipments and Their Effects on Soil Erosion Studies

作　　者：刘洪鹄[1] 

机构地区：[1]长江水利委员会长江科学院,湖北武汉430010

出　　处：《安徽农业科学》2013年第35期13712-13714,共3页Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences

基　　金：水利部"948"项目(201306);长江科学院中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费项目(CKSF2011008)

摘　　要：雨滴对土壤颗粒有很大的打击力,薄层水流会冲刷土壤中的细小颗粒。自20世纪30年代使用数学方法进行水土流失预报以来,确定降雨和径流是水土流失预报的主要因子之一。然而,由于受降雨监测设备的限制,以前只使用雨量、降雨历时、降雨强度等参数通过数学表达式来计算降雨和径流动能,不能直接监测反映降雨动能的指标。详细叙述了降雨监测设备的发展历程,降雨监测设备由天池盆、圆罂演变化为测雨器、雨量筒、自记雨量计、视频雨滴谱系统和激光雨滴谱仪,指出其监测指标从雨量演变成降雨强度和速度等,雨滴的速度以及动能等指标能充分反映雨滴的土壤侵蚀动力,可直接应用于土壤侵蚀物理模型中。另外,视频雨滴谱系统和激光雨滴谱仪具有监测指标齐全、精度高以及性能稳定等优点,但也存在价格昂贵等缺点,这正是它们需改进的地方。Rain drops strike soil particles, and rainwater runoff washes away tiny soil particles. Mathematical method has been applied to fore- cast water and soil erosion since the 1930s, precipitation and runoff have been major factors. However, only such parameters as rainfall, rain- fall duration, and rainfall intensity were used to calculate precipitation and runoff kinetic energy, or only indexes that fail to monitor and reflect kinetic energy of rainfall applied for the limitation of rainfall monitoring equipments. This paper sorted out the development history of rainfall monitoring equipments, from Tianchi basin and small-mouthed jar to raingauge, rain measuring glass, rain recorder, video raindrop spectrum system and laser raindrop spectrometer. Monitoring indexes changed from rainfall to rainfall intensity and rate, such indexes as raindrop rate and kinetic energy can reflect soil erosion force of raindrop, so they can be directly applied in the soil erosion physical model. In addition, video raindrop spectrum system and laser raindrop spectrometer are characterized by sound monitoring indexes, high precision and stable prop- erties, but their expensive cost is a problem to be settled.

关 键 词：土壤侵蚀 视频雨滴谱系统 激光雨滴谱仪 降雨动能 

分 类 号：S126[农业科学—农业基础科学]