不同收获时期对油菜机械收获损失率及籽粒品质的影响  

Effects of Harvesting Date on Yield Loss Percentage of Mechanical Harvest and Seed Quality in Rapeseed

作　　者：左青松[1,2] 黄海东[1] 曹石[1] 杨士芬[1] 廖庆喜[1] 冷锁虎[2] 吴江生[1] 周广生[1] 

机构地区：[1]华中农业大学植物科学技术学院,湖北武汉430070 [2]扬州大学江苏省作物遗传生理重点实验室,江苏扬州225009

出　　处：《作物学报》2014年第4期650-656,共7页Acta Agronomica Sinica

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(31000685);国家"十二五"科技支撑计划项目(2010BAD01B09);国家公益性行业(农业)科研专项经费项目(201203096);国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(nycytx-00510)资助

摘　　要：以华油杂62为材料,测定70%油菜角果变黄至角果明显炸裂时期机械收获的产量损失、植株不同部位水分含量、粒重和籽粒含油量等指标,研究不同收获时期对产量损失率和籽粒品质的影响。试验表明,机械收获的产量总损失率在7.00%～15.80%之间,随着收获时期逐渐推迟,总损失率先降低后增加。产量损失分为自然脱粒损失、割台损失和清选脱粒损失。割台损失率随收获时期推迟逐渐增加,占总损失率的比例为7.80%～31.01%;清选和脱粒损失率随收获时期推迟逐渐降低,是机械收获中最大的损失部分,占总损失率的56.87%～92.20%。总损失率与籽粒、角果皮、主花序和分枝水分含量均呈极显著正相关。籽粒水分含量为16.23%时千粒重和含油率最高,随籽粒水分含量的下降,千粒重、含油率、全碳含量和C/N值均略有降低。油菜机械化收获以籽粒和角果皮水分含量在11%～13%之间时为宜,此期的千粒重、油分含量、机械收获产量和产油量均较高。A field experiment on mechanical harvest date of Huayouza 62 was conducted in the 2012-2013 rapeseed season with harvesting stages ranging from 70% pod yellow to pod shattering significantly. The yield loss, moisture content, and seed quality were measured. The results showed that the percentage of total yield loss ranged from 7.00% to 15.80% in different treatments of harvest date, showing the trend of decreasing first and increasing later. The total yield loss in mechanical harvest was composed of shattering loss （SL）, harvest loss by combine header （CHL）, and cleaning and threshing loss （CTL）, in which CTL accounted for the largest proportion of total yield loss （56.87%-92.90%）, followed by CHL （7.80%-31.0%）. The CTL percentage decreased with harvest date, whereas the CHL percentage was greater in later harvest treatment. Total yield loss percentage had positive correlations with moisture contents of seed, shell, main inflorescence and branches （P 〈 0.01）. The highest 1000-seed weight and oil content were obtained when the seed moisture content was 16.23%. Further reduction of seed moisture content resulted in slight decreases of 1000-seed weight, oil content, carbon content, and C/N ratio. Our results indicate that seed or pod shell mois- ture content of 11%-13% was the optimal stage for mechanical harvest in rapeseed, when the final harvest yield, 1000-seed weight, oil content, and oil yield are considerably high.

关 键 词：油菜 机械化收获 损失率 籽粒品质 

分 类 号：S565.4[农业科学—作物学]