雪地生活跳虫研究进展  

A review of snow-living Collembola

作　　者：张兵[1,2] 倪珍[1,2] 常亮[2] 武海涛[2] 孙新[2] 吴东辉[1,2] 

机构地区：[1]吉林大学地球科学学院,长春130061 [2]中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所,长春130102

出　　处：《生态学报》2014年第8期1922-1936,共15页Acta Ecologica Sinica

基　　金：国家重点基础研究发展计划(2010CB951304);国家自然科学基金项目(31070467;41171047;31200331);吉林大学博士研究生交叉学科科研资助计划项目(2012JC015)

摘　　要：雪地生活跳虫主要是指能在雪地环境中(雪面上,雪层下和雪层中)活动的跳虫,它们的共性是能够在寒冷的环境中进行跳跃、取食等活动,对低温和干旱具有很强的耐受性。对雪地生活跳虫的研究有助于人们了解积雪和冰雪覆盖地区跳虫类群的野外生存行为和生理特征,以及跳虫在恶劣气候环境的生活方式。世界上对雪地生活跳虫的研究大致可分为分类学,生理学,生物气候学三个部分。雪地跳虫主要分布在三个地区:环北极地区,高山地区和南极地区。部分跳虫种类在冬季低温的环境下活动能力很强,目前已报道的能在雪地中生活的跳虫达70余种(不包括南极地区)。与在其他季节活跃的跳虫相比,有些冬季活跃的跳虫具备特殊的形态结构,而且有些冬季活动的跳虫具有夏眠特性。冬季活跃跳虫通常具有适应冬季低温生存环境的能力,其耐寒和耐干旱的生理机制已被阐明,但其分子生物学机理尚未完全揭示清楚。雪面上活动的跳虫能够利用太阳光做向导进行连续的定向迁徙,以此穿越大的地理障碍,选择更加合适的生活栖息地以及进行基因交流。冬季活动的跳虫受环境因素的影响很大,其在雪面上的个体数量与风、温度和气压相关,而且受季节影响较大,多出现在冬末气候温和的时候。总结了雪地生活跳虫的研究历史,研究方法,列出了已报道种类和分布,介绍了迁徙和取食等行为以及耐寒冷和耐干旱等生理研究等,以增加对跳虫类群生物生态特性的认识。Snow-living Collembola live either on the snow surface or below the snow layer, although they can sometimes also be found in the snow layer. They are capable of migrating and feeding in cold environments, showing physiological adaptations that give them a strong tolerance to low temperatures and dehydration. Research on snow-living collembolans has made a large contribution to our understanding of their behavior in the field, their physiology, and their strategies for surviving in such a harsh climate. Studies of snow-living collembolans can be generally divided to three categories： taxonomy, physiology, and phenology. Three main geographical areas are concerned： firstly, the Arctic, mainly refening to Asia, northern Europe and North America, including Russia, Norway, Sweden, France, Germany, China, Japan, Canada and the United States of America; secondly, the high mountain regions, such as the European Alps, Himalayan glacier regions, including Nepal and other countries; thirdly, Antarctica. In total, more than 70 species in 24 genera of collembolans have been found to be active in harsh winter conditions around the world （not including those from Antarctica）. Some of them should have a wide distribution, such as Hypogastrura socialis, which is found in Norway, Finland and the United States of America. Compared with other Collembola, snow-living species sometimes exhibit distinctive morphological features, such as larger teeth on the dens in the winter ibrm. Some snow-living collembolans mayalso hibernate in summer. The physiological mechanisms of cold tolerance and drought resistance have been elucidated. As a group of arthropods with freeze-avoidance strategy, they increase glycerol levels, decrease fucose and glucose levels, and produce antifreeze proteins （ AFP ）, as well as showing other mechanisms to protect cells from low temperature injury. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these processes are not yet fully understood. Collembolans active on the snow surface can use sunlight to mak

关 键 词：跳虫 雪地 生理 行为 食性 迁徙 

分 类 号：S433.5[农业科学—农业昆虫与害虫防治]