美国“强奸盾牌条款”评析  

Evaluation and Analysis on the Rape Shield Rule of the United States

作　　者：王禄生[1] 

机构地区：[1]东南大学法学院

出　　处：《比较法研究》2014年第3期126-141,共16页Journal of Comparative Law

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学青年基金项目"刑事诉讼案件过滤机制比较研究"(13YJC820078)的阶段性成果

摘　　要：从20世纪70年代起,"强奸盾牌条款"的立法运动开始席卷全美。该运动宣告了美国司法传统中对于强奸案被害人过往性品行证据推定适用的终结。它有效地保障了被害人的性隐私。然而,立法上近似于"一刀切"的排除适用却在不同程度上侵犯了被告人基于宪法所享有的辩护权利。因此,美国各州司法机关通过对"强奸盾牌条款"的遵守、变通甚至抵制,在司法实践中逐步形成了新的有关被害人过往性品行证据的适用规则。这一过程中,司法机关通过判例法实现了对被害人性隐私和被告人辩护权利的平衡保障。从法律文化视角来看,传统的被害人性品行证据规则的形成与美国文化中的基督教情节和性别歧视密切相关,而新的证据规则的确立则与女权主义兴起的文化背景和其特殊的判例法传统不可分割。Since 1970＇ s, a campaign of legislature on Rape Shield Rule has swept across the whole America. It gives a formal announcement to end the traditional evidence rule of the victims＇ prior sexual reputation or conduct, according to which this kind of evidences have presumptive admissibility. With no doubt, it is definitely beneficial and constructive for the protection of victims＇ sexual privacy. How- ever in some circumstances, the establishment of the exclusive rule of such evidences will also infringe the defendants＇ constitutional rights. Eventually, the judiciary of United States hits the balance between the victims＇ privacy and the defendants＇ constitutional rights through multi - dimension judicial interpretations. In a prospective of legal culture, the conventional evidence rule derives from the Christian tradition and embodies a institutional discrimination against women. In addition, the current evidence rule is the outcome of the Feminist Movement in 1960＇ s and is influenced by the special convention of Americanstyle case law.

关 键 词：强奸盾牌条款 过往性品行 法律文化 

分 类 号：D971.2[政治法律—法学] DD911