陕西省不同年代玉米品种产量和氮效率性状的变化  

Changes of Grain Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Maize Hybrids Released in Different Eras in Shaanxi Province

作　　者：张仁和[1] 杜伟莉[1] 郭东伟[1] 张爱瑛 胡富亮[1] 李凤艳[1] 薛吉全[1] 

机构地区：[1]西北农林科技大学农学院,陕西杨凌712100 [2]渭南市种子管理站,陕西渭南714000

出　　处：《作物学报》2014年第5期915-923,共9页Acta Agronomica Sinica

基　　金："十二五"国家科技计划农村领域(2013BAD01B02);西北农林科技大学创新专项(QN2011086);美国唐仲英基金会资助

摘　　要：明确陕西省不同年代玉米产量和氮效率性状响应氮肥的变化趋势,对西北旱区玉米高产氮高效品种选育具有重要的实践意义。本文以1981—2010年间陕西省12个玉米主栽品种为材料,于2011年和2012年在典型旱区陕西长武进行3个氮水平(0、120和240 kg hm–2)的田间试验,分析了不同年代玉米品种农艺和氮效率性状变化趋势。结果显示,不同年代玉米品种籽粒产量随氮水平增加而提高,在施氮0、120和240 kg hm–2处理下籽粒产量增益分别为每年46、65和83 kg hm–2。所有氮水平下2000—2010年间品种产量和生物量显著高于1980—1989年间品种,而秸秆产量变化不明显;现代玉米品种(2000—2010年)产量的增加归因于穗粒数、千粒重和生物量的提高。不同年代玉米品种消光系数随氮水平增加而降低,说明现代玉米品种(2000—2010年)较老品种(1980—1989年)叶片直立,截获更多的光能,致使产量和生物量高。随着年代的递进,玉米品种氮肥农学利用率呈递增趋势,在低氮水平下现代品种氮肥利用效率最高,且显著高于老品种。氮肥农学利用率与氮吸收效率(NUpE)和花后氮素积累量呈显著相关(r=0.75;r=0.72),而与氮生理效率(NUtE)和花前氮素积累量相关性不显著(r=0.42;r=0.39)。说明现代玉米品种氮肥农学利用率提高主要来自氮肥吸收效率和花后氮素积累量的增加。上述结果表明,陕西玉米育种应注重穗粒数、千粒重、氮吸收效率性状和株型结构改良,低氮环境压力选择将有助于旱区玉米高产氮高效新品种培育。Identifying the changes of grain yield and nitrogen use traits will facilitate the development of new maize hybrids with high yield and nitrogen use efficiency. In this study, 12 typical maize hybrids released from 1981 to 2010 in Shaanxi Province were grown in the field under three N rates （0, 120, and 240 kg haq） from 2011 to 2012 in Shaanxi, Northwest China. Nitrogen use efficiency and agronomic traits of maize were investigated. The result indicates that grain yield of maize hybrids increased with the increase of nitrogen rates, and the modern maize hybrids （2000s） showed better grain yield than the old ones （1980s） at three nitrogen levels. The yield genetic gains were 46, 65, and 83 kg ha-1 per year at NO, N120, and N240 levels repeat. The mod- em hybrids showed better biomass and grain yield than the old ones, but there was no clear changing trend in stover yield between hybrids of different ears. Increments of grain yield were achieved mainly through increasing the kernel number per ear, 1000-kernel weight and biomass, and the coefficient of light extinction decreased with the time process of cultivar development from 1981 to 2010. Changes of plant structure would allow the modern maize hybrids to improve light capture resulting in better grain yield than those of the old ones. For nitrogen use point of view, irrespective of nitrogen treatments, nitrogen use efficiency （NUE） of hybrids released increased in responses of time. But nitrogen use efficiency decreased with increasing nitrogen applica- tion rates, and nitrogen use efficiency （NUE） was highly correlated with N uptake efficiency （NUpE, r = 0.75）, and not with N physiological efficiency （NUtE, r = 0.42）. Increased NUE positively correlated with improved N uptake efficiency （NUpE）, due to the greater post-anthesis N accumulation. The results indicated that improvements of 1000-kernel weight, kernel number per earand nitrogen uptake efficiency （NUpE） should be considered during breeding for high yield and high nit

关 键 词：陕西省 玉米品种 籽粒产量 农艺性状 氮效率性状 

分 类 号：S513[农业科学—作物学]