西安种植业面源污染调查与分析  

Survey and Analysis of Area-Source Pollution in Xi'an Planting

作　　者：冯武焕 朱永利[1] 赵科刚[1] 张国龙[1] 范变娥 冯渊博 孙红波[1] 杨小丽[2] 

机构地区：[1]西安市农业技术推广中心,西安710061 [2]西安市果业技术推广中心,西安710061

出　　处：《中国农学通报》2014年第15期152-156,共5页Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin

基　　金：西安市农业面源污染普查(2007-283)

摘　　要：为了摸清西安市农田面源污染现状及其特点和规律,并提出防治措施,采取清查与普查相结合的方法,对按一定抽样比例确定的典型农户使用化肥、农药、农膜及农作物秸秆处理情况进行调查,并进行统计分析。结果表明：西安市农作物总的氮、磷、钾施用比例（1：0.71：0.19）,与旱地农作物需求的最佳比例（N：P：K=1：0.32：0.59）相比,明显不够合理,粮食、蔬菜、果树在施肥上存在偏重施用氮肥和磷肥,而钾肥施用量明显偏低等问题;农药用量与一般推荐用量相比,超标7.3%-33.3%;农作物秸秆年生产量320万t左右,约有22%的秸秆被当做燃料焚烧或田间焚烧;地膜年用量为1800.16 t,残留量为531.93 t,残留率为29.5%。从调查分析结果来看,化肥施用结构、用量、比例不够合理,农药用量明显超标,农作物秸秆综合利用率不高,农膜回收率较低,这些问题是导致农田面源污染的重要因素,应采取有效措施加以治理。This study combined inventorying and census to investigate the use of pesticides, fertilizers,agricultural films and straw handling of typical farmer who was determined based on a percentage of sampling,and the statistical analysis of the survey results had been done, in order to learn about the existing conditions,characteristics and the rules of Xi＇an farmland area-source pollution and put forward precaution measures.The results showed that： proportional application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrition（N：P：K=1：0.71：0.19） in Xi＇an crops was unreasonable obviously compared with the optimal proportion（N：P：K=1：0.32：0.59） of nutrient requirement on upland crops. The phosphate and nitrogen was high, and the potash was low on the utilization of fertilizer, these problems mainly lied in fertilizers of crops, vegetables and fruits. Pesticides dosage exceeded 7.3%-33.3% compared to the recommendations. The annual production of crop straw reached around 3.2 million tons, about 22% of the straw was burned in the fields or as a fuel; The annual consumption of mulch was 1800.16 tons, and amount of residue and residual rate respectively was 531.93 tons and 29.5%.From the investigation and analysis results, the fertilization structure, dosage and proportion were unreasonable obviously, the pesticides dosage exceeded the limit, crop straw comprehensive utilization rate was not high,agricultural film recovery rate was low, All of these problems was the important factor which led to the farmland area-source pollution, some effective measuresmust betaken toget ridof pollution.

关 键 词：种植业 面源污染 调查 

分 类 号：X5[环境科学与工程—环境工程]