草原区矿产开发对景观格局和初级生产力的影响--以黑岱沟露天煤矿为例  

Impacts of mining on landscape pattern and primary productivity in the grassland of Inner Mongolia: a case study of Heidaigou open pit coal mining

作　　者：康萨如拉[1] 牛建明[1,2] 张庆[1] 韩砚君[1] 董建军[1] 张靖[1] 

机构地区：[1]内蒙古大学生命科学学院,呼和浩特010021 [2]中美生态、能源及可持续性科学研究中心,呼和浩特010021

出　　处：《生态学报》2014年第11期2855-2867,共13页Acta Ecologica Sinica

基　　金：环保公益性行业科研专项(200909063);国家自然科学基金(31060320)

摘　　要：煤炭是我国的主要能源,大型露天煤矿的开发推动了地区经济与社会的发展,但同时也引发了区域生态环境问题。因此,探讨矿产开发对区域景观格局的影响,并阐明景观格局动态与生态系统初级生产力的关系,对生态环境的保护具有重要意义。以内蒙古草原区的黑岱沟露天煤矿为例,利用3S(RS、GIS和GPS)技术,在野外实地调查的基础上,分析了1987年以来矿产开发导致的土地利用/覆盖变化、景观格局动态及其与生态系统初级生产力之间的关系,主要结果如下:(1)提出了界定最适研究区范围的方法,认为沿矿区边界向外建立10 km的缓冲区是该研究最适研究区域的大小;(2)草地和耕地是研究区主要的土地利用/覆盖类型,但是在过去20多年间其面积在逐渐减少,而工矿仓储用地及住宅用地面积在急剧增加;(3)矿产开发导致景观格局发生变化,并且在两种不同的空间尺度(研究区和矿区)上表现出总体变化趋势的一致性,但在后期有较大差异;(4)初级生产力变化呈现下降趋势,并且矿区的降低更为突出;(5)以生长季降水量为控制因子的偏相关分析表明,景观配置(平均斑块周长面积比、景观形状指数)与初级生产力呈正相关关系,在研究区尺度上尤其显著,但在矿区尺度上,景观结构组成(斑块密度、均匀度指数和多样性指数)更为重要,与初级生产力呈显著负相关;(6)受复垦规模和演替进程的影响,局限在矿区排土场上的植被重建尚不能改变研究区尺度景观-生态系统初级生产力之间的关系。可见,景观格局的变化以及景观格局与生态系统初级生产力之间的关系均存在尺度依赖性。Coal has been the primary energy resource that made rapid economic and social development in China possible. Yet, its extraction in the form of open-field mining operations changed landscape patterns considerably and created a suite of environmental and ecological problems. Therefore, it is very important to understand these landscape pattern dynamics and their effects on ecosystem processes. While open pit coal mining is one of the fast growing human modifications of the Earth＇s surface which transforms landscapes and ecological functioning, studies in applied ecology and restoration ecology examining the effects of this human activities have been lacking. We conducted a field study in the 10 km buffer around the landscape of Zhungger Heidaigou in Inner Mongolia where large open mine operations are presently underway. Within this landscape land use/land cover changed substantially between 1987 and 2010. We related these human transformed landscape patterns to primary productivity and found the relationship to be highly scale dependent. Our results are summarized as follows. First, the 10 km buffer was found to be the optimum size of this study area, although we seek expanding the scale domain of our study because the size of the mining area is expected to increase. Second, grassland and agricultural areas, the two main land uses that preceded coal mining, have both decreased in the past 20 years. Grassland area decreased from 71.18% （45 199.73 hm^2） in 1987 to 60.71% （38 550.76 hm^2） in 2010,while agricultural area decreased from 25.76% （16 360.24 hm^2） in 1987 to 20.48% （13 002.40 hm^2） in 2010. On the other hand, industrial and residentia lareas increased between 1987 and 2010. Particularly, mining operations occupied only 0.01% （3.12 hm^2） in 1987, but increased to 3.16% （2 007.04 hm^2） in 2000, which corresponds to 10.05% （6 385.04 hm^2） in 2010, respectively. Third, although landscape structure in the area has experienced overall consistent trend of change dynamics of landscape

关 键 词：景观格局 初级生产力 土地利用 覆盖 露天煤矿 草原 

分 类 号：X82[环境科学与工程—环境工程] P901[天文地球—自然地理学]