不同氮肥和密度对油菜机械收获损失率的影响  

Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer and Planting Density on Yield Loss Percentage of Mechanical Harvesting in Rapeseed

作　　者：左青松[1,2] 曹石[1] 杨士芬[1] 黄海东[1] 廖庆喜[1] 冷锁虎[2] 吴江生[1] 周广生[1] 

机构地区：[1]华中农业大学植物科学技术学院,湖北武汉430070 [2]扬州大学江苏省作物遗传生理重点实验室,江苏扬州225009

出　　处：《作物学报》2014年第6期1109-1116,共8页Acta Agronomica Sinica

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(31000685);国家"十二五"科技支撑计划项目(2010BAD01B09);国家公益性行业(农业)科研专项经费项目(201203096);国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(nycytx-00510)资助

摘　　要：以华油杂62为材料，采用机械直播的方式，设置不同氮肥和密度处理，在油菜籽粒含水量10.86%-13.17%时研究油菜机械收获各部分损失率及损失组成的差异。结果表明，机械收获总损失率在不同处理间存在差异，变幅在6.13%-7.82%之间。不同部分的损失占总损失比例差异较大，其中，自然脱落损失比例最小，各处理占总损失的比例在2.41%-3.90%之间；其次是割台损失，各处理占总损失的比例为17.99%-21.99%；清选和脱粒损失比例最大，占总损失的74.15%-79.52%，其中主要是夹带损失，占总损失的65.51%-69.05%，而未脱粒角果比例损失较小，占8.64%-10.47%。随着氮肥用量和密度的增加，产量增加；总损失率与产量、氮肥用量及密度的相关系数分别为0.970＊＊、0.918＊＊和0.358。本研究表明，在油菜机械化生产过程中首先要确定适宜的施氮量和种植密度以获得高产，在高产的基础上再降低收获损失率。In this study, Huayouza 62 was planted by direct-seeding with three nitrogen （N） fertilizer levels （120 kg N ha–1, 180 kg N ha–1, and 240 kg N ha–1） and three planting densities （15′104 plant ha–1, 30′104 plant ha–1 and 45′104 plant ha–1）. The yield loss percentages of mechanical harvesting were investigated when the moisture contents in seeds ranged from 10.86% to13.17%. The results showed the total yield loss percentage was from 6.13% to 7.82% in different treatments. There existed differences in the ratio of the yield loss in different parts to the total yield loss. The ratio of the yield loss caused by shattering （SL） to the total yield loss was the least in different treatments, ranging from 2.41% to 3.90%. The ratio of the yield loss caused by combine header （CHL） to the total yield loss ranged from 17.99% to 21.99%. The ratio of the yield loss caused by cleaning and threshing （CTL） to the total yield loss ranged from 74.15% to 79.52%, among which the yield loss caused by mixed straw and shell （ML） was the main part （from 65.51% to 69.05%）, and the yield loss caused by non-threshing pod （NTPL） was low with the range from 8.64% to 10.47%. The plot yield increased with increasing N application rates and planting densities. The total yield loss percentage had extremely significant positive correlation with plot yield （r = 0.970＊＊） and N fertilizer （r = 0.918＊＊）, and no significant correction with planting density （r = 0.358）. The results of this study indicated that in the rapeseed mechanical production, appropriate N fertilizer and planting density should be applied for high yield, and then the yield loss percentage should be reduced on the basis of high yield.

关 键 词：油菜 机械化收获 损失率 氮肥 密度 

分 类 号：S233.75[农业科学—农业机械化工程]