辽西半干旱区垄膜沟种方式对春玉米水分利用和产量的影响  

Effect of Ridge Film Mulching Technique and Furrow Seeding of Spring Corn on Water Use and Yield in Semi-Arid Region in Liaoxi Area

作　　者：肖继兵[1] 孙占祥[2] 蒋春光[1] 刘志[1] 郑家明[2] 冯良山[2] 

机构地区：[1]辽宁省水土保持研究所,辽宁朝阳122000 [2]辽宁省农业科学院,沈阳110161

出　　处：《中国农业科学》2014年第10期1917-1928,共12页Scientia Agricultura Sinica

基　　金："十一五"国家科技支撑计划(2006BAD29B06);"十二五"国家科技支撑计划(2012BAD09B02)

摘　　要：【目的】春玉米是辽西地区的主要作物,其整个生育期需水量较多,但该区降水资源短缺且降水变率大,时空分布不均,有限降水难以满足春玉米高产稳产所需。垄膜沟种可有效汇集天然降水,提高降水资源化程度,开展相关研究以充分有效地利用该区有限的自然降水,提高农田水分利用效率,促进玉米稳产高产。【方法】2007—2013年在辽宁朝阳地区进行玉米垄膜沟种微集雨种植试验,研究不同种植模式对土壤水分、玉米产量和农田水分利用效率的影响。试验设垄膜沟种(沟内不覆盖,T1)、垄膜沟覆秸秆(T2)、垄膜沟覆膜(T3)和传统种植(CK)4种处理,随机区组设计,3次重复。传统种植为垄沟种植,行距50 cm,垄膜沟种方式为沟垄相间排列,沟宽80 cm,垄宽40 cm,垄高15 cm,垄上覆膜为集雨区,沟为种植区,种植2行玉米。各处理种植密度为52 500株/hm2左右,种肥为磷酸二铵(375 kg·hm-2,N 18%,P2O5 46%),拔节初期追施尿素(375 kg·hm-2,N 46%)。【结果】垄膜沟种微集雨种植可有效汇集天然降雨,2009年和2010年玉米出苗率分别提高13.0%和14.9%,出苗时间提前1—2 d。前期长时间无有效降雨的情况下,一场有效降雨过后,土壤贮水量增加幅度依次为T2>T1>CK>T3,T1和T2种植区水分入渗深度至少达到60 cm,而CK水分入渗深度只有40 cm,产流效率为61%,T1和T2蓄墒增加率分别为72%和88%。各处理生育期间土壤水分平均值从大到小依次为T2>T1>T3>CK,其值分别为140.93、135.27、127.85和118.98 mm,较对照分别增加18.45%、13.69%和7.46%。2007—2013年,T1—T3产量比对照分别增产24.31%—32.58%、9.95%—17.81%、32.12%—37.16%、16.58%—27.96%、2.50%—9.40%、10.85%—29.33%和4.14%—17.95%,T1、T2和T3较对照平均增产幅度分别为14.52%、20.01%和23.44%。2007—2012年,T1—T3水分利用效率较对照分别增加24.66%—36.07%、14.12%—23.73%、38.34%—53.89%、29.07%—35.68%、1.20%—19.60%和9.02%�Objective Spring corn was the staple crop in Liaoxi area, but the shortage of precipitation and the big precipitation variation and its uneven distribution of time and space are the key limiting factor in the area. The limited rainfall can not meet the demand of stable and high yield of spring corn. Ridge film mulching and furrow seeding can collect natural precipitation effectively and improve rainfall resource availability. The purpose of this study is to make full use of the limited natural rainfall, improve water use efficiency of dry farming area and promote high and stable yield of spring corn.[Method] Micro-rainwater-collecting planting mode by ridge film mulching and furrow seeding for spring corn was carried out for the sake of studying the effect of different planting patterns on soil water, yield and water use efficiency in 2007-2013. Four treatments were made in this experiment：ridge film mulching and furrow seeding （furrow was uncovered, T1）, ridge film mulching and furrow straw mulching （T2）, ridge and furrow film mulching （T3） and the traditional planting （CK）. The experiment was designed by random grouping and repeated three times. The traditional planting was sowing in furrows, line spacing was 50 cm. Ridges and furrows of ridge film mulching and furrow seeding were in opposite arrangement, furrow width was 80 cm and ridge width was 40 cm, ridge height was 15 cm. The ridge was the rain collecting area. The furrow was the planting area and two lines of corn were planted. Planting density of different treatments was 52 500 plants/hm2. Seed manure was diammonium phosphate（375 kg·hm^-2, N 18%, P 2 O 5 46%）and topdressing was urea （375 kg·hm^-2, N 46%）.[Result] The results showed that the ridge film mulching and furrow seeding could collect natural rainwater effectively, raise emergence rate of spring corn by 13.0%and 14.9%and emergence time was 1-2 d early in 2009-2010. Under the condition of no effective rainfall for a long time in early days, the order of increase of soi

关 键 词：半干旱区 春玉米 垄膜沟种 产量 水分利用效率 

分 类 号：S513[农业科学—作物学]