精确定量施肥对贵州高原山区杂交籼稻产量与群体质量的影响  

Effects of Accurate Fertilizer Model(AF) on Yield and Population Quality of Hybrid Indica Rice Cultivars in Guizhou Highland Area

作　　者：罗德强[1,2] 王绍华[1] 江学海[1,2] 李刚华[1] 周维佳 李敏 姬广梅 丁艳锋[1] 凌启鸿[1] 刘正辉[1] 

机构地区：[1]南京农业大学农学院/农业部南方作物生理生态重点开放实验室,南京210095 [2]贵州省水稻研究所,贵阳550006

出　　处：《中国农业科学》2014年第11期2099-2108,共10页Scientia Agricultura Sinica

基　　金：贵州省农业攻关项目(黔科合N字(2009)3014号);贵州省科技成果重点推广计划项目(黔科合成字(2012)5019号);贵州省创新能力建设项目(院所创能合(2011)4003)

摘　　要：【目的】水稻产量在很大程度上受环境、栽培技术等多种因素的影响。根据各地的气候特点有针对性地采用栽培技术,可以充分挖掘水稻产量潜力,大幅度提高单产。论文旨在探明精确定量施肥对贵州高原山区杂交籼稻群体质量及产量形成的影响效应。【方法】于2010—2011年在贵州省黄平、绥阳、余庆、兴义4个不同生态稻区,以当地具有高产潜力的杂交籼稻品种为试材,设计精确定量施肥模式(accurate fertilizer,AF)与常规施肥模式(conventional fertilizer,CF),通过对两种施肥模式的比较,研究不同施肥模式的群体质量及产量形成的差异。精确定量施肥模式以斯坦福(Stanford)方程为基础,根据目标产量需氮量、土壤供氮量及氮肥当季利用率计算总施氮量,各阶段的施肥量根据目标产量的阶段需氮量确定。精确施肥模式的总氮按照基肥﹕分蘖肥﹕促花肥﹕保花肥为30%﹕20%﹕35%﹕15%施用,常规施肥模式氮素总量按基肥﹕分蘖肥﹕促保花肥为20%﹕60%﹕20%施用。在有效分蘖临界叶龄期、拔节期、抽穗期、成熟期分别取地上部分测定叶面积和干物质量,成熟期考查穗数、穗粒数、结实率和千粒重。【结果】精确定量施肥模式显著提高了黄平、绥阳、余庆、兴义4个点的水稻产量,增产幅度为12.4%—48.0%,从产量构成因素看,穗数和穗粒数均较常规施肥模式有不同程度提高,穗数增加8.1%以上,穗粒数增加2.5%以上,群体颖花量增加14.3%以上,而结实率和千粒重两种施肥模式的差异较小;比较分析两种施肥模式的穗型大小,精确定量施肥模式较常规施肥模式穗粒数小于100粒的小穗比例降低、100—250粒的大穗和250粒以上的特大穗比例增加,小穗比例减少了36.7%—100%,大穗比例提高了2.2%—11.4%,特大穗比例提高了23.3%—94.9%;在叶面积指数与粒叶比方面;精确定量施肥模式比常规施肥模式的群体叶�Objective Rice yield is largely affected by many factors including environment and cultivation. Therefore, targeted use of cultivation techniques according to the climate characteristics can fully exploit the potential of rice yield and improve grain yield significantly. Experiments were conducted to study the effects of accurate fertilizer model （AF） on population quality and yield formation of hybrid indica rice cultivars in high mountain area. [Method] Field experiments were conducted in several rice growing areas（Huangping, Suiyang, Yuqing, Xingyi） of Guizhou province in 2010 and 2011. The local high-yielding potential hybrid indica cultivars were separately grown in every rice area, and the population quality and yield formation were studied through the comparison of accurate fertilizer model （AF） and conventional fertilizer model （CF）. AF was designed based on Stanford equation, calculate the total N-fertilizer application based on three parameters including the nitrogen demand for the designed grain yield, nitrogen provided by soil, and N-fertilizer use efficiency（NUE）. And the nitrogen applied at different growth stages were determined by nitrogen demand of corresponding stage. The total N fertilizer amount was divided into four sections and was applied 1 day before transplanting （30%）, 7 days after transplanting （20%）, panicle ignition （35%） and at the 2nd leaf from top stretching （15%）, respectively. The total nitrogen application amount was identical for the two nitrogen ferltilizer models, and for the CF, nitrogen was applied 1 day before transplanting （20%）, 7 days after transplanting （60%）, panicle ignition （20%）, respectively. Leaf area index （LAI） and dry matter production were measured at N-n, elongation, heading and maturity. Productive panicles, spikelets per panicle, filled grain ratio, grain weight were also measured at maturity.[Result]Compared with CF, AF increased average grain yield of rice by12.4%-48.0% in Huangping, Suiyang, Yuqing and

关 键 词：杂交籼稻 高原山区 精确施肥 群体质量 产量 

分 类 号：S511.21[农业科学—作物学]