论体外早期人类胚胎的法律地位及处分权  

The legal Status of Early Embryos and the Right of the Disposition of Frozen Embryos

作　　者：徐海燕[1] 

机构地区：[1]对外经济贸易大学法学院,北京100029

出　　处：《法学论坛》2014年第4期146-152,共7页Legal Forum

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目<法律政策在侵权民事案件司法裁判中的运用与考量--以中国法院侵权民事案件为研究样本>(08CFX047)的阶段性成果

摘　　要：体外早期人类胚胎兼有准物质与准主体的双重法律属性,应当受到特殊的尊重与保护。精子供体、卵子供体、体外早期人类胚胎(体外受精卵)的夫妇分别是精子、卵子及受精卵的所有权人,拥有无可争辩的所有权包括处分权。IVF医疗机构和精子卵子及早期人类胚胎的供体之间就精卵及胚胎的保存行为是保管合同关系,IVF医疗机构不享有对精子卵子及早期人类胚胎的所有权及处分权。将体外早期人类胚胎转让给其他不孕夫妇的行为应定性为无偿捐献,而非买卖行为。当夫妻拒绝或怠于对剩余胚胎的处分达成合意并通知医疗机构时,医疗机构有义务在法定期限内为当事人夫妻保存剩余胚胎;但超过法定期限的,医疗机构有权根据科学、合理、必要的原则行使处分权。供体事前签署的处分体外早期人类胚胎协议原则上具有法律拘束力,除非有显失公平可撤销的情形。我国立法机关应专门制定一部《早期人类胚胎法》。The early embryo is characterized by both quasi material and quasi human personality. It should receive the special respect and protection. The provider of the egg, the provider of sperm, and the husband and wife of early embryo are separately the owners of egg, sperm and early embryo. The IVF medical institutions may act as the bailee of the eggs, sperms and early embryos, and don＇ t have the ownership and the right of disposition of the stored eggs, sperms and early embryos. When the couple transfers their early embryos to other infertile couples, such transfer should defined as donation free of charge, instead of trade. When the couple refuses or fails in reaching agreement on the extra early embryos and notifying the medical institutions, the medical institutions are obligated to store and preserve the extra early embryos for the couple within a statutory period. Once the statutory period expires, the medical institutions may dispose the extra early embryos base on the principles of science, reasonableness and necessity. The legislature body should make the law on the early embryos.

关 键 词：体外早期人类胚胎 试管婴儿技术 人类胚胎法 

分 类 号：D913[政治法律—民商法学]