汉语方言变调系统的能产性与其理论分析  

The productivity of tone sandhi in Chinese dialects and its theoretical analysis

作　　者：张杰[1] 

机构地区：[1]堪萨斯大学

出　　处：《当代语言学》2014年第3期273-287,376-377,共15页Contemporary Linguistics

摘　　要：在生成音系学中,"音系"特指说话人对语音组织规律的潜在知识。这意味着从语言本身固有的词汇搜集资料的传统方法只能间接地回答生成音系学的研究问题。近年来实验音系学的研究也表明了说话人的音系知识与语言固有词汇中所体现的规律是不对等的。汉语方言的变调系统对音系理论提出了诸多挑战:由于变调在语音和语用角度上的任意性及其在音系系统上的晦暗性,我们对许多变调系统无法在现有的音系理论中作出合理的解释。但我们在理论上的困惑实际上是不成熟的,因为我们忽略了上面所提到的关于说话人潜在知识的问题。本文通过一系列关于新词与假词的声调实验对普通话、天津话、上海话、台湾闽南话及无锡话的变调系统的能产性进行阐述。这些研究表明并非所有的变调规律都会完整地在说话人的音系知识中体现出来;某一特定变调规律的能产性与其语音特性、音系上的透明性及其在词汇中的使用频率都有着密切的关系。这些发现说明我们应该重新回到数据的角度上,用实验方法踏踏实实地对变调系统的数据本质作一个重新的认识。从目前的结果来看,这样的数据能够使一些理论上的疑难问题迎刃而解(如关于晦暗性的问题),但也对理论提出了新的挑战(例如,如何处理变异和例外及如何模拟习得的过程)。In generative grammar,phonology refers to speakers' tacit knowledge of the linguistic sound patterns.This entails that the traditional methodology of collecting data from lexical patterns in languages can only indirectly shed light on the nature of generative phonology.Recent research on experimental phonology has also shown that speakers' phonological knowledge is not identical to lexical patterns.The tone sandhi patterns in Chinese dialects have presented considerable challenges to theoretical phonology:due to the phonetic and functional arbitrariness as well as the phonological opacity of many sandhi patterns,many synchronic tone sandhi systems remain unexplained in current theoretical frameworks of phonology.However,claiming that theoretical phonology cannot adequately handle tone sandhi is likely premature,as we have not carefully considered the issue from the perspective of the speakers' knowledge.This article summarizes our recent findings on the productivity of tone sandhi in Mandarin,Tianjin,Shanghai,Taiwan Residents Southern Min,and Wuxi dialects using the nonce-probe paradigm.Our results show that not all tone sandhi patterns are fully reflected in speakers' tacit knowledge,and the productivity of a sandhi pattern is related to its phonetic properties,phonological transparency,and usage frequency.These findings indicate that we need to use experiment methods to reevaluate the nature of the tone sandhi data that we have,and the new data so far allow certain theoretical problems to be addressed(e.g.,opacity),but present new challenges as well(e.g.,how to handle variations and exceptions and how to model the acquisition process).

关 键 词：生成音系学 实验音系学 连读变调 能产性 优选论 随机优选论 最大熵值语法 

分 类 号：H17[语言文字—汉语]