施肥对贵州直播油菜产量和养分吸收的影响  

Effects of fertilization on yield and nutrient uptake of direct-sowing oilseed rape in Guizhou Province

作　　者：张萌[1] 王寅[1] 任涛[1] 李小坤[1] 李继福[1] 丛日环[1] 陈正刚 朱青 鲁剑巍[1] 

机构地区：[1]华中农业大学资源与环境学院,农业部长江中下游耕地保育重点实验室,湖北武汉430070 [2]贵州省土壤肥料研究所,贵州贵阳550006

出　　处：《中国油料作物学报》2014年第3期369-373,共5页Chinese Journal of Oil Crop Sciences

基　　金："十一五"国家科技支撑计划重点项目(2010BAD01B05);国家油菜产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-13);长江学者和创新团队发展计划(IRT1247);中央高校基本科研业务费专项(2012QC045)

摘　　要：2011-2012年于贵州省油菜主产区设置直播油菜氮磷钾硼肥田间试验,以推广品种油研599为材料,研究施肥对产量、养分累积量、肥料利用率及经济效益的影响,了解当地(典型的南方水稻土)的养分限制因子,为该地区直播油菜的合理施肥提供依据。结果表明,与不施肥相比,施肥提高了直播油菜的产量,各处理中以NPKB处理的产量最高,平均为2 189kg/hm2。缺氮、缺磷、缺钾和缺硼处理相比NPKB处理分别减产961、342、295和184kg/hm2,表明该地区直播油菜的养分限制因子依次为N>P>K>B。与当地农民习惯施肥(FFP)相比,NPKB处理增加了施肥量,产量明显提升,平均增产430kg/hm2;养分累积量和肥料利用率也均有明显提高,氮、磷、钾及相应肥料利用率分别增加28.6kg/hm2和13.5%、9.6kg/hm2和3.3%、71.4kg/hm2和23.9%。从经济效益看,NPKB处理相比FFP处理收益平均增加1 109元/hm2。肥料合理配施可以明显提高直播油菜产量、养分累积和经济效益,在当前贵州省直播油菜的生产中,应积极推行合理的平衡施用技术和科学的施肥方法,从而达到高产、高效、高收益的目的。To investigate the nutrient limiting factors for a practical fertilization proposal on direct - sowing oilseed rape in Guizhou Province, fertilization field experiments were conducted using cultivar Youyan 599 （Brassica napus L. ） in main rapeseed planting area of Guizhou during 2011 -2012. Results showed that compared to no fertilization treatment （ CK）, seed yield of direct - sowing oilseed rape significantly increased when fertilizers were applied. Among them, NPKB treatment had the best performance with the average yield of 2 189kg/hm2. While compared to NPKB treatment, yield outputs decreased to 961,342,295 and 184kg/hm2 in PKB （without N）, NKB （without P）, NPB （without K）, and NPK （without B） treatments, respectively. It indicated that the nutrient limiting factors were ranked as N 〉 P 〉 K 〉 B. Compared to farmers＇ fertilization practices （FFP） treatment, NPKB treatment increased the application rate, but the production was improved significantly by 430kg/hm2. Nutrient accumulation and fertilizer use efficiency were also significantly improved. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrient accumulation （ corresponding fertilizer use efficiency） increased 28.6kg/hm2 （ 13.5% ） ,9.6kg/hm2 （3.3%） , 71.4 kg/hm2 （23.9%） compared to FFP . As for economic profits, the revenue of NPKB treatment was increased by 1 109 yuan/hm2 compared to FFP. It suggested that the yield, nutrients accumulation and profits could be significantly improved by a combination of balanced fertilization.

关 键 词：直播油菜 施肥 产量 养分累积 肥料利用率 经济效益 

分 类 号：S565.406[农业科学—作物学]