红树林宜林海洋环境指标研究  

Marine environmental indexes related to mangrove growth

作　　者：张乔民[1] 隋淑珍[1] 张叶春[1] 于红兵[1] 孙宗勋[1] 温孝胜[1] 

机构地区：[1]中国科学院南海海洋研究所边缘海地质与古环境开放实验室,广州510301

出　　处：《生态学报》2001年第9期1427-1437,共11页Acta Ecologica Sinica

基　　金：‘九五’国家科技攻关 (96-0 0 7-0 3 -0 4 );广东省自然科学基金 (970 2 70 )资助项目

摘　　要：通过文献资料综合和实地调查 ,分析研究了温度、盐度、沉积物、潮汐浸淹和波浪能量 5种海洋环境因素对红树林总体和各树种分布和生长的影响。明确指出了温度对红树林纬向分布、盐度对红树林沿河口湾和潮水河的上溯、潮汐浸淹频率对红树林沿潮滩的横向分布、和海岸波浪能量对红树林由港湾向开阔海岸的沿岸分布的主导控制作用和各自在我国东南沿海红树林区表现的临界参数。最冷月平均气温 9.3℃和水温 1 0 .6℃ ,为最耐寒树种秋茄人工种植分布的北界 ;大片红树林可分布于河口湾和潮水河的全年大部分时间以咸水为主的岸段 (如夏季盐度常 <2 .0‰ ,冬季盐度可达 1 5‰～ 2 0‰ ) ,零星红树植物可接近枯季大潮咸水上界 ;红树林只能占据平均海平面 (或稍上 )与回归潮平均高高潮位之间 ,大致为潮汐浸淹频率 4 7.5 %和 2 .9%;利用 1 6个方位的平均风速 V(m/s) ,风向频率 F (%) ,有效风区长度 L(km ) ,计算海岸波能指数 W=∑(Vi2 F i Li) ,W<7.0× 1 0 3为适宜红树林生长的低波能海岸 ;W>1 0 .5× 1 0 3为不适宜红树林生长的高波能海岸 ;W=(7.0～ 1 0 .5 )× 1 0 3为红树林生长零星或很差 ,或仅能生长人工林或幼林的中波能海岸。Based on literature search and field investigations,the influences of 5 marine environmental factors such as temperature,salinity,sediment,tidal inundation and wave energy on mangrove distribution and growth are studied in general and on level of species to some degree.Their leading control roles are discussed and some potential indexes related to mangrove growth are proposed definitely. (1)Air or seawater temperatures have a control on the latitudinal distribution of mangroves.In global pattern,mangroves flourish on tropical coasts with winter seawater temperature above 20℃,but some cold resistant species can naturally extend polewards to 31° 34′ N (Japan),32°20′N (Bermuda Islands),38°54.8′S(Australia) and 38°03′ S(New Zealand),or even further to 34°38′N(Japan) and 41°13′S(New Zealand) by artificial trasplantation.These species are capable of tolerating minimum temperature as low as about 10℃ in Brasil and New Zealand,and the lethal temperature is -3.0℃.In China the northern limit of Kandelia candel, the most cold resistant mangrove species in east Asia,reaches the Fuding County of Fujian Province at 27° 20′ N for natural communities and the Leqing Bay of Zhejiang Province at 28° 25′ N for transplanted and survival communities,where the January air temperatures are 9.8℃ and 9.3℃ and the January seawater temperature 10.9℃ and 10.6℃ respectively.Mangrove species have different cold resistance and can be accordingly divided into three ecological groups:thermophilic eurytopic,thermophilic stenotopic and cold resistant eurytopic. (2)Seawater salinity is a control factor for mangrove distribution upstream along estuaries and tidal rivers.The field investigations on mangrove distributions and seawater salinities of the Suixi River in Zhanjiang City and the Sanya River in Sanya City show that along an estuary or a tidal river,flourishing mangroves can reach upstream where brackish water is dominant during most time of a year (salinity usually <2.0 in summer and 15～20 i

关 键 词：红树林 宜林海洋环境指标 盐度 潮汐浸淹频率 海岸波能指数 温度 

分 类 号：S718.5[农业科学—林学]