自然生态与粗放管理蜜柚园捕食性天敌蜘蛛群落的比较研究  

Resilience of predatory spiders to agricultural disturbance:a comparative study on spider assemblages in natural and extensive managed pomelo Orchards

作　　者：刘继贺 赵晓东 刘科科[1,2] 陈志武[1,4] 曾天宝 徐湘 肖永红[1] LIU Ji-He;ZHAO Xiao-Dong;LIU Ke-Ke;CHEN Zhi-Wu;ZENG Tian-Bao;XU Xiang;XIAO Yong-Hong(College of Life Sciences,Jinggangshan University,Ji'an 343009,Jiangxi,P.R.China;College of Life Sciences,Hunan Normal University,Changsha 41008I,P.R.China;Jinggangshan National Agricultural Science and Technology Park,Ji'an 343009,Jiangxi,P.R.China;School of Agricultural Sciences,Jiangxi Agricultural University,Nanchang 330045,P.R.China)

机构地区：[1]井冈山大学,生命科学学院,吉安343009 [2]湖南师范大学,生命科学学院,长沙410081 [3]井冈山国家农业科技园,吉安343009 [4]江西农业大学,农学院,南昌330045

出　　处：《蛛形学报》2018年第2期131-140,共10页Acta Arachnologica Sinica

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(31560592,31772423)、江西省教育厅科技项目(GJJl60735)、江西省青年基金(20181BAB214008)资助项目.

摘　　要：蜘蛛是农业生态系统中主要的捕食性天敌类群,果园生态系统中天敌类群在农事管理尤其是化学农药胁迫下的数量稳定或恢复能力受到广泛关注。我们在2015至2016年间对无人管理的自然生态蜜柚园和少量人工干扰的粗放管理蜜柚园进行了蜘蛛采样调查,自然生态园共采集蜘蛛标本872头,隶属于15科,31属,43种;粗放管理园共采集蜘蛛标本863头,隶属于11科,21属,24种;两处蜜柚园中均是跳蛛科的种类最多,球蛛科的个体数量最多,咸丰球蛛为优势种。数据分析显示:自然生态园中蜘蛛的物种多样性、丰富度和均匀度指数均高于粗放管理园蜘蛛,但其优势度指数低于粗放管理园蜘蛛,说明自然生态园相比粗放管理园的蜘蛛物种更为丰富多样,分布更均匀,群落中不易形成优势度高的蜘蛛种类;自然生态园中的蜘蛛总数量全年间呈现比较规律的上下波动,而粗放管理园的蜘蛛数量在4月份和8月份有显著的降低,此时间段正是粗放管理园中例行喷施杀虫和杀菌剂的时间,可见化学农药的使用直接导致了蜘蛛数量的减少;但得益于球蛛和跳蛛等优势类群在下半年的数量恢复,粗放管理园的蜘蛛总数量曲线呈现先抑后扬的态势,其全年总量与自然生态园几乎没有差别。我们的研究结果证实捕食性天敌蜘蛛群落在受到轻度干扰的果园中其种类虽然有大幅减少,但总数量却能够保持相对稳定,尤其是跳蛛和球蛛类群具有较强的种群数量恢复能力,能够承受轻度的用药和农事干扰。Spiders are the main natural predatory enemies in agroecosystems. The quantity stabilization or recovery capability of natural enemies is important in agricultural management. From 2015 to 2016, a spider survey was conducted in a non-managed pomelo orchard (NMPO) and an extensive managed pomelo orchard (EMPO). In total, 872 spider specimens, which belong to 15 families, 31 genera, and 43 species, were collected in the NMPO and 863 spider specimens, which belong to 11 families, 21 genera, and 24 species, were collected in the EMPO. In both the NMPO and EMPO, Salticidae was the family with the greatest species diversity, Theridiidae was the family with the greatest number of individuals, and Theridion xianfengense was the dominant species. Indices of species diversity, richness and evenness were greater in the NMPO, while spider dominance was greater in the EMPO. In the NMPO, the total number of spiders showed regular annual fluctuations, while in the EMPO, the spider quantity was significantly reduced in April and August, when insecticides and fungicides were applied. However, owing to the quantities of the dominant families, such as Theridiidae and Salticidae, that were recovered in the second half of the year, the total spider quantity curve in the EMPO showed a rise-after-suppression trend. Our study verified that spider species were significantly reduced in the EMPO, which is undergoing moderate disturbances, but the total number was relatively stable owing to the quantity recovery of spiders in Salticidae and Theridiidae. This benefits pest control in the moderately managed agroecosystems.

关 键 词：蜘蛛 捕食性天敌 人工干扰 恢复力 农业生态系统 

分 类 号：Q[生物学]