植被边界带对相邻麦田地表步甲和蜘蛛分布及蚜虫发生的影响  

Effects of vegetated field margins on the distribution of epigaeic carabid beetles and spiders and aphid development in adjacent wheat fields

作　　者：张旭珠[1] 张鑫[1,2] 宋潇 宇振荣[1,3] 刘云慧[1,3] ZHANG Xuzhu;ZHANG Xin;SONG Xiao;YU Zhenrong;LIU Yunhui(College of Resources and Environmental Sciences,China Agricultural University,Beijing 100193,China;School of Architecture and Art,Hebei University of Architecture,Zhangjiakou 075000,China;Beijing Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Organic Farming,China Agricultural University,Beijing 100193,China)

机构地区：[1]中国农业大学资源与环境学院,北京100193 [2]河北建筑工程学院建筑与艺术学院,张家口075000 [3]中国农业大学生物多样性与有机农业北京市重点实验室,北京100193

出　　处：《生态学报》2018年第23期8442-8454,共13页Acta Ecologica Sinica

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(31470514)

摘　　要：通过管理半自然生境提高农田中天敌多样性及农田害虫的生物控制效率是当前生态农业研究的基本问题之一。为探讨不同类型半自然植被边界带对相邻麦田地表天敌的发生以及对小麦蚜虫生物控制潜力的影响,在北京顺义区赵全营镇采用陷阱法调查了不同类型植被边界带(人工林地、人工种植草带、自然演替草带)相邻的小麦田中,距离边界0,15 m和30 m处步甲和蜘蛛两类重要地表天敌的多度分布及小麦田蚜虫发生情况,同时分析了边界带植被群落结构对步甲和蜘蛛群落分布的影响。结果表明:人工林地相邻的小麦田中维持了显著较高的步甲、蜘蛛和蚜虫发生密度;不同类型植被边界带相邻小麦田中步甲和蜘蛛群落组成显著不同,植被边界带宽度以及乔木层盖度是影响相邻麦田步甲和蜘蛛群落分布的主要因子;距离植被边界带不同取样界面处,不同迁移方向的步甲和蜘蛛的活动密度无显著性差异;与林地相邻的麦田中,蜘蛛活动密度从农田边界向农田内部处依次降低,与人工种植草带以及自然演替草带相邻的麦田中,农田边界处蜘蛛的活动密度显著高于农田内部。研究显示,半自然植被边界带与麦田交界处维持了较高的蜘蛛活动密度,并具有向农田内部扩散的趋势,然而,并非高天敌密度就意味着低害虫发生率,深入研究天敌群落与害虫发生关系及其影响因素是未来天敌保护和害虫生物防治的重要方面。同时,因为不同类型植被边界带维持的天敌群落具有高度异质性,未来的研究需要充分考虑不同类型植被边界带对天敌维持的作用,以及不同类型生境界面地表天敌的活动规律。Enhancing enemy diversity to increase pest biological control by managing the semi-natural habitats is a fundamental issue in current ecological agricultural research. To understand the influence of different vegetated field margins on the abundance of ground-dwelling enemies and their biocontrol effects on the wheat aphid of neighboring wheat fields,we investigated the abundance and distribution of two important natural enemy groups,carabids and spiders,using pitfall traps at the sites 0,15,and 30 m from border in wheat fields with different vegetated field margins (woodland,planted grassy strips,and natural succession grassy strips) at Zhaoquanying Town,Shunyi District,Beijing. We also recorded individual aphids in the field and detected the influence of the vegetation structure of field margins on the carabid and spider compositions. The results showed that carabid,spider,and aphid densities were all significantly higher in wheat fields neighboring woodland than other habitats. The carabid and spider compositions were distinct among wheat fields with different vegetated field margins. Field margin width and tree coverage were the main factors influencing the carabid and spider distributions in the neighboring wheat fields. There was no significant difference between carabid and spider densities in either dispersal direction. However,the spider density decreased from the field border to the inner wheat fields neighboring woodland. In the wheat fields bordering planted grassy strips and natural succession grassy strips,the spider density was significantly higher at field borders than that in inner fields. The results showed that the interface between the semi-natural field margin and wheat fields had a higher spider density and they tended to disperse into farmland. However, higher enemy densities were not associated with lower pest populations. A better understanding of the relationship between enemies and pests,and the factors influencing the enemy-pest relationship is essential for enemy conservation and pest

关 键 词：天敌多样性 天敌害虫关系 植被边界带 溢出效应 

分 类 号：S433.3[农业科学—农业昆虫与害虫防治] S476[农业科学—植物保护]