湖南不同季别稻作系统的生态能值分析  

Ecological Emergy Analysis of Different Paddy Ecosystems in Hunan Province

作　　者：周江[1] 向平安[1,2] ZHOU Jiang;XIANG PingAn(Rural Ecosystem Health Laboratory of Hunan Dongting Lake Area,Hunan Agricultural University,Changsha 410128;Business School,Hunan Agricultural University,Changsha 410128)

机构地区：[1]湖南农业大学洞庭湖区域农村生态系统健康湖南省重点实验室,长沙410128 [2]湖南农业大学商学院,长沙410128

出　　处：《中国农业科学》2018年第23期4496-4513,共18页Scientia Agricultura Sinica

基　　金：国家科技支撑计划(2012BAD14B17);国家社科基金(11BJY028)

摘　　要：【目的】湖南稻作系统以一季稻和双季稻种植制度为主。论文通过评价稻作技术的调整对不同季别水稻种植效率的影响,期望为水稻可持续发展提供决策依据。【方法】通过相关统计年鉴资料获取2002—2016年湖南早稻、中稻和晚稻生态系统环境资源、经济资源的投入与产出原始数据,采用能值分析理论和方法,对三季稻作系统的动态发展状况及综合发展水平进行分析,再将其能值投入产出效率与传统经济利润率指标进行比较。【结果】2002—2016年湖南稻田生态系统中投入的自然资源能值相对稳定,投入能值大部分依赖购买能值并趋向增加;能值投入结构调整为机械>人工+畜力>化肥>农药或种子>燃料>有机肥,农业机械化逐渐代替了以人工、畜力为主的生产方式。系统每千公顷种植面积的购买能值投入中不可更新工业能值投入呈明显增长趋势,其中机械作业能值投入贡献率最高,化肥投入为中稻>早、晚稻且长年居高不下,农药投入为中、晚稻>早稻且趋向增加;可更新有机能值投入密度则趋向减少,其中人工能值虽显著下降,其贡献率仍最高,种子投入为早稻>晚稻>中稻且早、晚稻趋向增加,畜力能值投入转变为中稻>早、晚稻且趋向不断减少,有机肥投入能值不断减少;购买能值投入从2012年起转变为中稻>早稻>晚稻系统。系统单位种植面积的能值产出、生态和经济平均利润率均为中稻>晚稻>早稻;早稻种植面积始终低于晚稻。系统能值指标变化趋势为:能值投入率方面晚稻>早稻、中稻;能值产出率方面中稻>晚稻>早稻;系统对环境的压力较小,但环境负载率指标增长较快且晚稻>早、中稻系统;可持续发展指数已大幅下降至<2,2008年以后中稻>早、晚稻系统。【结论】湖南稻作系统生产方式日益现代化,系统富有活力但发展潜力日益下降。稻作经营仍属于粗放型方式,致�【Objective】Hunan paddy ecosystem is mainly one-and double-cropping rice patterns ecosystem. By evaluating the effects of the adjustment of cropping patterns on the planting efficiency of rice grain in different seasons, this paper was expected to provide decision basis for the sustainable management of paddy.【Method】In this paper, raw data on the input and output of environmental resources and economic resources in the ecosystem of early rice, semilate rice and late rice in Hunan from 2002 to 2016 were obtained through relevant statistical yearbook. emergy analysis theory and method were used to analyze the dynamic development status and comprehensive development level of the different seasons paddy ecosystem. Then the input and output efficiency of paddy were evaluated by emergy analysis index and compared with the traditional economic profit rate index.【Result】From 2002 to 2016, the input emergy of natural resources in Hunan paddy ecosystem was relatively stable, and the input emergy was mostly dependent on purchasing emergy and tended to increase. The emergy input structure was adjusted to be mechinery>labor+animal>fertilizer>pesticide or seed>fuel>organic fertilizer. Agricultural mechanization gradually replaced the artificial, animal-based production mode. Purchasing emergy input per 1000 hm2 planting area: the density of unrenewable industrial emergy showed a significant growth trend, and the density of machinery operation emergy was the highest contribution rate in the unrenewable industrial emergy inputs. The density of fertilizer emergy inputs was the semilate rice ecosystem>early and late rice, and it stayed high for years. The density of pesticide emergy inputs was semilate and late rice ecosystem>early rice, and it tended to increase. Density of renewable organic emergy inputs had been tended to reduce. Although the labor emergy decreased significantly, its contribution rate was still the highest in the renewable organic emergy inputs. The density of rice seeds emergy inputs for early rice

关 键 词：水稻 生态系统 能值分析 效率 湖南省 

分 类 号：S181[农业科学—农业基础科学] S511