现代汉语词法中虚义动词性成分的功能分工与语义作用——兼论轻动词性成分在词法与句法中的差异  

Functional Division and Semantic Effect of Light-verbal Constituents in Modern Chinese Word-formation:A Discussion of the Difference between Syntax and Word-formation of Light-verbal Constituents

作　　者：孟凯[1] Meng Kai

机构地区：[1]北京语言大学对外汉语研究中心

出　　处：《世界汉语教学》2019年第1期70-81,共12页Chinese Teaching in the World

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目(项目批准号:17ZDA305);教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地重大项目(项目批准号:16JJD740003);北京语言大学梧桐创新平台项目(中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金;项目编号:17PT02)资助

摘　　要：现代汉语中由虚义动词性成分(V_虚)"打、为、行、作、做"构成的"V_虚+V"是古汉语遗存。这5个V_虚的构词力不同,"打"属强势构词,其他几个属零星构词。产生构词力差异的原因主要在于这几个V_虚各有功能分工:"打"主要在词法上构造"打_虚+V",可组配的V语义类型丰富;构词力一般的"行"与"作",可组配的V语义类型的互补性较明显,前者倾向于与强动作性或动作凸显的V组配,后者倾向于与弱动作性或动作不凸显的V组配;"为"和"做"的构词力都较弱,"做"主要在句法上充当实义动词前的形式动词。V_虚在词法中的语义作用主要是:1)使"V_虚+V"比V语义抽象,表现在使"V_虚+V"与V的语义倾向不同和将V的[+动作]转变为"V_虚+V"的[+活动];2)使"V_虚+V"与V的语体附属义不同;3)使"V_虚+V"与V多义关系的表现不同。轻动词性V_虚在汉、英词法中都呈现出与其句法表现不同的功能分工与语义作用,这种词法、句法差异具有一定的类型学意义。Words of ‘V虚+V’configuration in modern Chinese are the remains of ancient Chinese.In this configuration,V虚 indicates a light-verbal constituent,best represented by ‘打,为,行,作,做’.The word-forming productivity of V虚 is different :‘打’is mighty and others are weak.This tendency can be attributed to the functional division among the V虚 constituents:‘打’mainly forms ‘打+V’in word-formation and the semantic types of V are abundant;the semantic types of V in ‘行’and ‘作’are complementary, which is reflected in that fact that ‘行’matches with strong action Vs and ‘作’matches with weak action Vs;the word-forming productivity of ‘为’and ‘做’is very weak,with ‘做’serving as a light verb before content words in syntax generally.The semantic effect of V虚 in word-formation lies in:1)making the semantics of ‘V虚+V’more abstract than V,making the semantic tendency of 'V虚+V'and V different and converting the [+action]of V into the [+activity]of 'V虚+V';2)making the style meaning of 'V虚+V' and V different;3)making the polysemant relationship between 'V虚+V' and V multi- ple.It is also found that in both English and Chinese the functional division and semantic effect of V虚 in word-formation are different from those in syntax,which gives typological meaning to research on the different behaviors of functional words on the syntax and wordformation levels.

关 键 词：词法 虚义动词性成分 轻动词 功能分工 语义作用 

分 类 号：H146[语言文字—汉语]