生态环境损害担责之民事责任认定  

Determination of Civil Liability in Ecological and Environmental Damage Liability Principles

作　　者：何燕[1,2] 李爱年[1] HE Yan;LI Ai-nian(Law School,Hunan Normal University/Changsha University of Science and Technology,Changsha 410006;Law Sehool,Hunan Normal University,Changsha 410006China)

机构地区：[1]湖南师范大学法学院,湖南长沙410006 [2]长沙理工大学文法学院,湖南长沙410006

出　　处：《河北法学》2019年第1期171-180,共10页Hebei Law Science

基　　金：国家社科基金重点项目<流域一体化治理的法律机制研究>(15AZD067);湖南省教育厅优秀青年项目(13B131);教育部人文社科规划项目<环境损害评估法律制度研究>(15JYC820022);司法部国家法治与法学理论研究项目<排污许可证制度的实施机制研究>(16SFB2051)

摘　　要：生态环境损害赔偿制度的建立是全面落实损害担责原则的必然要求。生态环境损害担责的民事责任认定,直接关系到生态环境损害赔偿制度的有效实施。目前学术界对生态环境损害侵犯的权益性质存在争论,部分学者认为属于"国益"。但从概念范畴、法律界定、利益诉求等角度深入分析发现,生态环境损害侵犯的权益属性应为"公益"。《生态环境损害赔偿制度改革方案》中对生态环境损害赔偿责任的性质界定不明,有关"赔偿磋商"与"修复生态环境"的规定呈现出一种民事责任与行政管理的交织。厘清上述基本概念,辨明生态环境损害担责之责任属性,直接关系到生态环境损害赔偿制度的有效推进与实践效果。生态环境损害赔偿责任应属民事责任。"赔偿磋商"的本质是民事行为。"修复生态环境"是特殊的环境民事责任承担形式。生态环境损害赔偿诉讼是一种特殊的环境民事公益诉讼。在生态环境损害赔偿与环境公益诉讼的衔接问题上,应注意起诉主体顺位的设置。生态环境损害赔偿民事公益诉讼的起诉主体顺位依次为:符合条件的社会组织、赔偿权利人及其指定的部门、人民检察院。其中,作为赔偿权利人的"政府机关"应当在第一顺位的社会组织起诉时,予以"支持起诉"。The establishment of compensation system for ecological and environmental damage is a necessary requirement for implementing .damage liability principles.The determination of civil liability in ecological damage liability principles is directly related to the effective implementation of ecological compensation system.There is a debate in academic circles about the nature of the infringement of rights and interests in ecological compensation system.Some scholars believe that it belongs to a national interest.However,through in-depth analysis on the concept,legal definitions and interests,we find that it belongs to a public interest.There is an unclear concept on the nature of liability for ecological damages in Reform Plan of Compensation System for Ecological and Environmental Damage.Some concepts appear in interweaving with a civil liability and an administrative behavior,such as "Compensation Negotiation"and "Ecological Restoration"Identifying above concepts helps to push the ecological and environmental damage system forward. Ecological and environmental damage liability is a civil liability.Compensation negotiation is a civil act.Ecological restoration is a special environmental civil liability.A lawsuit for damage to the ecological environment is a kind of special environmental civil public interest litigation.The coherence of the ecological and environmental damage system and the environmental public interest litigation should be noticed,especially for the setting of the subject sequence of prosecution.In a civil public interest litigation concerning compensation for ecological and environmental damage,the order of the subject of prosecution is the qualified social organizations,the right-holders of compensation and its designated departments,and the people's procuratorate.As the right holder of compensation,the government authority should support the prosecution when social organizations sue.

关 键 词：损害担责 生态环境损害赔偿 公益诉讼 赔偿磋商 修复生态环境 

分 类 号：DF468[政治法律—环境与资源保护法学]