纳米生物效应与安全性研究展望  

Development and prospect of biological effects and safety of nanomaterials

作　　者：刘颖[1] 陈春英[1] Ying Liu;Chunying Chen(Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and Center for Excellence in Nanoscience,Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology,Beijing 100190,China)

机构地区：[1]国家纳米科学中心,中国科学院纳米生物效应与安全性重点实验室,北京100190

出　　处：《科学通报》2018年第35期3825-3842,共18页Chinese Science Bulletin

基　　金：国家重点研发计划“纳米科技”重点专项(2016YFA0201600)资助.

摘　　要：当物质达到纳米尺度时,会具有一些特殊的物理化学性质,如量子尺寸效应、表面效应以及宏观量子隧道效应等.即使化学组成相同,纳米物质的生物学效应也可能不同于微米尺寸以上的常规物质.因此,根据常规宏观物质研究所得到的生物学效应与安全性评价结果,可能并不适用于纳米物质.自2003年Science发表文章关注纳米生物效应与毒理学效应之后,各国政府先后启动了对纳米生物效应的研究,并且支持力度不断增加.我国是世界上较早开展纳米生物效应与安全性研究的国家之一,研究工作在国际上产生了重要影响.国家纳米科学中心与中国科学院高能物理研究所共同建立的"中国科学院纳米生物效应与安全性重点实验室",作为我国第一个也是国际上少有的以纳米材料生物效应与安全性为研究方向的专业实验室,在了解纳米材料的基本性质-活性关系的基础上,对更深层次的理化效应展开了深入的研究,并建立了适用于纳米生物效应与安全性评价的多层次模型,发展了高灵敏、高分辨率的适用于纳米生物效应和安全性评价的实验技术和研究方法,为保证纳米科技的可持续发展做出了重要的贡献.本文综述了本实验室近年来在纳米生物效应与安全性领域的研究进展.Nanomaterials have lots of unique physical and chemical properties,such as quantum size effect,surface effect and macroscopic quantum tunnel effect.The biological effects of nanomaterials might be different from those of bulk materials larger than microns even if their chemical compositions are same.Therefore,the biological effects and safety evaluation results obtained from the bulk materials might not be suitable for the nanomaterials.Since 2003,governments worldwide have initiated the researches on biological effects and safety issues of nanomaterials with increasing financial support.China is one of the earliest countries in the world to carry out researches on biological effects and safety issues of nanomaterials.And some research fields have entered the forefront of the world.The "CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety" established jointly by National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST)and Institute of High Energy Physics of Chinese Academy of Sciences (IHEP of CAS)was the first professional laboratory focusing on the biological effects and safety of nanomaterials in China. Scientists in this laboratory have done many in-depth studies of the relationship between the physical-chemical properties and biological responses of nanomaterials.They found several factors which affected the biological effects of carbon nanotubes significantly,such as nanoparticle-Crona,metal impurities,surface,size,shape and so on.They have also established multiple models for hazard recognition and risk assessment.Nanomaterials/nanoparticles (NMs/NPs)are exposed to human beings mostly through four routes,i.e.,oral intake,skin contact,inhalation,and intravenous injection. Upon entering the body,NMs/NPs are quickly distributed into specific organs and then metabolized primarily by the liver.The final excretion of NMs/NPs usually occurs in the liver and kidney in the form of urine and feces.In general,the most important issues regarding the absorption,distribution,metabolism and excretion (A

关 键 词：纳米材料 纳米生物效应 物理化学性质 纳米毒理学 

分 类 号：TB383.1[一般工业技术—材料科学与工程]