污染物排放标准对环境侵权责任认定的效力研究  

The Study of Pollutant Discharge Standard Tortious Validity on Environmental Tort Liability

作　　者：张式军[1] 徐欣欣 ZHANG Shi-jun;XU Xin-xin

机构地区：[1]山东大学法学院 [2]雅居乐集团控股有限公司法务部

出　　处：《中国地质大学学报（社会科学版）》2019年第1期71-82,共12页Journal of China University of Geosciences(Social Sciences Edition)

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目"生态安全犯罪对策研究"(13BFX064);教育部规划基金项目"环境法律政策整合研究"(12YJA820062)

摘　　要：学界一般将管制性标准的侵权法效力置于过错和违法性要件下进行考量。但我国《侵权责任法》对独立的违法性要件的放弃和环境侵权责任无过错归责原则的定位使得有关污染物排放标准侵权法效力的研究难以在传统框架下展开。侵权责任的司法认定包括责任成立和责任承担两个环节,因此污染物排放标准的侵权法效力也包括了对责任成立的效力和对责任承担的效力。应当将污染物排放标准的侵权法效力分别置于环境侵权责任的构成要件和责任承担上进行考量。此外,污染物排放标准的侵权法效力还会因具体侵权是属于物质型污染领域还是能量型污染领域而存在差别。在能量型污染领域中,超过污染物排放标准即可推定环境侵权损害的存在。在责任承担方面,污染物排放标准对责任的承担方式和赔偿数额的认定均有影响,法院可依法对超标排污的侵权人判处惩罚性赔偿,并将是否超标排污作为数人侵权中内部责任分担的依据。Generally speaking,the tortious validity of the regulative standard is to be considered on the fault element and the illegal element.But the traditional framework is unfit to study the tortious validity of pollutant discharge standard because the illegal element is not an independent element and the no-fault liability attributive principle is set up for environmental tort liability according to the Tort Liability Law PRC.The tortious validity of pollutant discharge standard is embodied in both the establishment and the burden of environmental tort liability.The tortious validity of pollutant discharge standard should be put into consideration in each constitutive element of environmental tort liability as well as the burden of environmental tort;liability.In addition,the tortious validity of pollutant discharge standard will be different due to the field of material pollution or energy pollution.In the field of energy pollution,exceeding discharge may cause presumption of the existence of damage.In terms of the.burden of tort liability, pollutant discharge standard may affect the manner of liability undertaking and the amount of compensation.Thecourt may,in accordance with the law,impose punitive damage on the tortfeasor who has exceeded the standard discharge,and whether the pollutant is discharged excessively will be regarded as the basis for the sharing of the internal liability in the tort of several persons.

关 键 词：污染物排放标准 环境侵权 构成要件 责任成立 责任承担 

分 类 号：D922.683.1[政治法律—环境与资源保护法学]