对无责任能力者进行正当防卫兼论刑法的紧急权体系  

Self-defense Against Criminal Incapability Right System for Emergency Situation in Criminal Law

作　　者：赵雪爽 Zhao Xueshuang

机构地区：[1]德国弗莱堡大学(Albert-Ludwigs-Universitat Freiburg)刑法、刑事诉讼法、法理学研究所

出　　处：《中外法学》2018年第6期1614-1635,共22页Peking University Law Journal

摘　　要：对无责任能力者的侵害的反击究竟构成正当防卫还是紧急避险,不是一般违法性论对立的结果,而是取决于正当防卫的合法性根据理论。法益衡量论和二元论都着眼于利益衡量,既无法对正当防卫相比于紧急避险的"尖锐性"做出解释,也无法妥当处理无责任能力者的侵害问题。正当防卫的根据在于权利和强制权能之间的双重否定式关联,因此"不法侵害"必须表达出对他人权利的蔑视。无责任能力者的侵害无法表达这种蔑视,所以不能对其正当防卫,而只能进行防御性紧急避险。应当构建以责任分配为根据的紧急权体系,承认防御性紧急避险概念,才能实现对公民的全面保护。Whether the defense against criminal incapability constitutes self-defense or necessity does not base on the theory of general illegality,however,it is depended on the foundation for the justification of self-defense.The weigh of legal goods doctrine and law confirmative interest doctrine put the emphasis on the weigh of goods,as a result,neither of the theory can explain the "sharpness" of selfdefense compared to necessity,nor handle the case properly,in which victim is attacked by criminal incapability.The justification of self-defense lies in the double negation relationship between rights and legitimacy of coercion.Therefore,an "unlawful infringement" always contains contempt of others’ rights,which is not an element in the offense of the criminal inability.Thus,the defense against criminal incapability should not be defined as self-defense;rather,it is out of defensive necessity.It should be noted that to fully protect our citizens,a right system for emergency situation based on the distribution of responsibility must be constructed,and the concept of defensive necessity should be acknowledged.

关 键 词：利益衡量 权利概念 责任分配 防御性紧急避险 

分 类 号：D924.1[政治法律—刑法学]