水分和氮素对玉米苗期生长、根系形态及分布的影响  

Effects of Soil Water and Nitrogen on Plant Growth, Root Morphology and Spatial Distribution of Maize at the Seedling Stage

作　　者：张馨月[1] 王寅[1] 陈健 陈安吉 王莉颖 郭晓颖 牛雅郦 张星宇 陈利东 高强[1] ZHANG XinYue;WANG Yin;CHEN Jian;CHEN AnJi;WANG LiYing;GUO XiaoYing;NIU YaLi;ZHANG XingYu;CHEN LiDong;GAO Qiang(College of Resources and Environment,Jilin Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Soil Resources of Jilin Commodity Grain Base,Changchun 130118)

机构地区：[1]吉林农业大学资源与环境学院/吉林省商品粮基地土壤资源可持续利用重点实验室,长春130118

出　　处：《中国农业科学》2019年第1期34-44,共11页Scientia Agricultura Sinica

基　　金：国家自然科学基金青年项目(31501829);吉林省优秀青年人才基金项目(20180520036JH);国家重点研发计划(2016YFD0200101)

摘　　要：【目的】东北地区春旱频发严重影响玉米出苗与苗期生长,明确水分、氮素对玉米苗期生长和根系发育的影响及其耦合效应,可为东北春玉米水、氮调控措施的优化提供依据。【方法】2016—2017连续2年设置水分、氮素两因素盆栽试验,土壤相对含水量设4个水平,分别为重度干旱(W0,30%)、适度干旱(W1,50%)、水分适宜(W2,70%)和水分过量(W3,90%);施氮量设3个水平,分别为不施氮(N0,0)、低氮(N1,0.12 g N·kg-1土)和高氮(N2,0.24 g N·kg-1土)。【结果】水分、氮素均显著影响玉米苗期的植株生长、根系发育、氮素吸收与利用,且两因素对植株干重、根系形态、吸氮量和氮肥利用率交互作用显著。土壤水分亏缺或过量均抑制了植株生长、干物质累积、根系发育和氮素吸收。W0处理的负面影响最为严重,其地上部干重、根系干重和植株吸氮量与W2处理相比分别降低55.5%、60.1%和47.4%,氮肥利用率下降6.4个百分点,根长和根表面积分别减少58.2%和59.5%。施氮显著促进玉米苗期植株生长与氮素吸收,降低根冠比,且不同水分条件下氮肥效应及对根系发育的影响存在明显差异。水分适宜条件下施氮促进根系生长,显著增加根长、根表面积和根体积,植株干重和吸氮量增幅最高。干旱胁迫条件下施氮抑制了根系发育,显著降低根长和根表面积,氮肥效应偏低。水分过量条件下施氮改善根系生长,但施氮效应仍低于W2处理。各水分条件下,N1处理的根长和根表面积均高于N2处理,而体积接近或更小,说明低氮增加了细根的比例。水分、氮素不仅显著影响根系形态,也导致根系空间分布出现明显差异。干旱胁迫促进根系下扎,增加深层土壤的根长分布,W0和W1处理0—12 cm土层根长比例相比W2处理分别下降11.0和8.3个百分点,而24—36 cm土层分别提高9.5和6.9个百分点。与干旱胁迫相反,水分过量趋向于增加根系在表【Objective】 The frequent spring drought has severely negative impacts on seed emergence and seedling growth in the maize production of Northeast China. It is necessary to understand the coupling effects of soil water condition and nitrogen(N) rate on maize plant and root growth at the seedling stage, and further to provide reference for optimizing water and N management in maize production of Northeast China. 【Method】In this study, two pot experiments were conducted in 2016 and 2017, with a two factor factorial design of soil water and N rates. The soil water condition included 30%, 50%, 70% and 90% of field capacity, respectively, representing severe water-stress(W0), moderate water-stress(W1), well-watered(W2) and over-watered(W3), respectively. The N rates included 0, 0.12 and 0.24 g·kg^-1 soil, representing N-omission(N0), low N(N1) and high N(N2), respectively. 【Result】 Soil water and N rate had significant individual effects on maize plant and root growth at the seedling stage, and showed interactive effects on dry matter(DM), root morphology, N uptake, and N fertilizer use efficiency(NUE). Both soil water deficit and excess had negative impacts on maize plant growth, DM accumulation, root development, and N uptake at the seedling stage, and was especially serious under W0 treatment. Compared with W2 treatment, on average in two years, shoot and root DM and plant N uptake under W0 treatment decreased by 55.5%, 60.1% and 45.8%, respectively, NUE decreased by 7.8 percentage points. And root length(RL) and root surface area(RSA) decreased by 58.2% and 59.5%, respectively. The N fertilization improved significantly maize plant growth and N uptake but reduced root/shoot ratio at the seedling stage. Moreover, the plant and root growth responses of N fertilizer differed obviously with the different soil water conditions. The N fertilization improved root growth in terms of higher RL, RSA and root volume(RV) under W2 treatment, and therefore showed the highest plant DM and N uptake. However, N fertiliz

关 键 词：玉米 水分 氮素 根冠比 根系形态 根系分布 

分 类 号：S513[农业科学—作物学]