植物微体化石分析揭示阿敦乔鲁遗址古人生存策略  

ANALYSIS OF PLANT MICROFOSSILS REVEALS THE ANCIENT SURVIVAL STRATEGY OF THE ADUNQIAOLU SITE IN XINJIANG,CHINA

作　　者：邵孔兰 张健平[1,3] 丛德新 贾伟明 崔安宁[1,2] 吴乃琴 Shao Konglan;Zhang Jianping;Cong Dexin;Jia Peter;Cui Anning;Wu Naiqin(Key Laboratory of Cenozoic Geology and Environment,Institute of Geology and Geophysics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100029;University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100049;CAS Centre for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Science,Beijing 100101;Institute of Archaeology,Chinese Academy of Social Sciences,Beijing 100010;Department of Archaeology,China Studies Centre,University of Sydney,NSW 2006,Australia;Institutions of Earth Science,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100029)

机构地区：[1]中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所,中国科学院新生代地质与环境重点实验室,北京100029 [2]中国科学院大学,北京100049 [3]中国科学院青藏高原地球科学卓越创新中心,北京100101 [4]中国社会科学院考古研究所,北京100710 [5]悉尼大学考古系,悉尼大学中国研究中心,澳大利亚,悉尼2006 [6]中国科学院地球科学研究院,北京100029

出　　处：《第四纪研究》2019年第1期37-47,共11页Quaternary Sciences

基　　金：中国科学院(B类)战略性先导科技专项项目(批准号:XDB26000000);国家自然科学基金项目(批准号:41472154和41430103);中国科学院青年创新促进会项目(批准号:2017096)共同资助.

摘　　要：新疆地区是史前游牧文化与农业文化交融的重要区域,而地处新疆西天山地区的阿敦乔鲁青铜时代遗址,是古代人类活动、文化发展与演化过程的重要时空节点。但是目前对该遗址古人生存策略,尤其是对于当时人们的饮食结构和遗址的季节性使用的认识,存在不同观点。本研究通过对阿敦乔鲁遗址中房址内堆积物、羊粪化石以及遗址周边现代羊粪、自然地层进行植硅体、孢粉分析,发现了农作物植硅体以黍(Panicum miliaceum)和麦类作物的稃片为主,遗址使用后期出现少量的粟(Setaria italica),揭示了该遗址农作物组成以黍、大/小麦(Hordeum spp./Triticum spp.)为主,兼有粟的混合结构。在秋季(9月份)采集的现代羊粪中,孢粉种类(24个科/属)和浓度(平均65533粒/g)显著高于羊粪化石的孢粉种类(9个科/属)和浓度(平均27189粒/g),且现代羊粪以蒿属(Artemisia)植物(7~10月开花结籽)花粉为主(平均54.95%),羊粪化石中蒿属植物花粉仅有19.20%。来自早熟禾亚科(Pooideae)种子稃片的植硅体,在现代羊粪中的含量(平均3.62%)显著低于在羊粪化石中的含量(平均13.84%),羊粪孢粉和植硅体分析结果,揭示了阿敦乔鲁遗址羊类放牧时间应该处于花期结束后,植物已结籽的秋-冬季节,为阿敦乔鲁遗址冬季牧场的性质提供了植物学证据。同时房址内火塘、活动面和储藏间的堆积中植硅体组合与羊粪化石植硅体组合接近,暗示了羊粪可能被大量收集储藏,作为主要的铺垫物和冬季燃料使用。研究结果对于深化青铜时代以来新疆西天山地区古人生存策略、食物结构等的认识具有重要的推动作用。Understanding survival strategies is an important way to reavel the ancient human activities and cultural development and evolution.It is also a critical issue to be concerned in geology,archaeology and biology.Xinjiang area is a cross interaction region of prehistoric nomadic culture and agriculture culture.One of the evidence of this interaction is the Bronze Age site Adunqiaolu(45°01'28.12"N,80°32'34.71"E),in western Tian Shan of Xinjiang.There is a controversal point about properties and ancient survival strategies,especially the structure of diet and seasonally used of this sites.17 phytolith and 2 pollen samples are collected from surface,cultural layers,and sheep/goat coprolites at this ancient site.Also 14 phytolith and 2 pollen samples of modern sheep faeces and natural deposites around Adunqiaolu sites are collected.The result shows that the inflorescence bracts phytoliths of common millet(Panicum miliaceum)and wheat(Triticum spp.)/barley(Hordeum spp.)were the mainly composition of cereals phytoliths,and a small amount of foxtail millet(Setaria italica)phytoliths appeared at the late period of the site.It reminds that the cereals structure of this site were mainly the common millet and wheat/barley,mixed with foxtail millet.The pollen species(24 families/genera)and mean concentration(65533 grains/g)of modern sheep faeces collected in September are definitely higher than sheep/goat coprolites(9families/genara and 27189 grains/g).And Artemisia,which flowers and bears seeds from July to October,is the main pollen of modern sheep faeces.The mean percentage of Artemisia pollen is 54.95%which is higher than sheep/goat coprolites(19.20%),too.At the same time,the phytoliths from the inflorescence bracts of sheep/goat coprolites(average 13.84%)are definitely higher than modern sheep faeces(average 3.62%).This indicates the grazing time of sheep/goat in Adunqiaolu site should be after flowering and producing seeds in autumn to winter,which provides plant evidence of winter usage of Adunqiaolu.The phytolith asse

关 键 词：欧亚草原 农作物 植硅体 孢粉 粪化石 黍和粟 

分 类 号：Q913.84[天文地球—古生物学与地层学] K854[生物学—古生物学]