披碱草Elymus rectisetus无融合生殖及其转育的研究进展  

Progress in apomixis of Elymus rectisetus

作　　者：高建伟[1] 李滨[1] 李振声[1] 孙其信[2] 

机构地区：[1]中国科学院遗传研究所植物细胞与染色体工程国家重点实验室,北京100101 [2]中国农业大学作物遗传育种系,北京100094

出　　处：《生命科学》2002年第3期163-167,共5页Chinese Bulletin of Life Sciences

摘　　要：披碱草Ｅｌｙｍｕｓｒｅｃｔｉｓｅｔｕｓ(Ｎｅｅｓ ｉｎ Ｌｅｈｍ)Ａ Ｌｏｖｅ ｅｔ Ｃｏｎｎｏｒ(２ｎ＝６ｘ＝４２,ＳＳＹＹＷＷ)是目前发现的小麦族(Ｔｒｉｔｉｃｅａｅ)中唯一的无融合生殖种,属二倍性孢子形成的假受精无融合生殖类型。无融合生殖能固定杂种优势,简化育种程序,缩短育种年限;因此 Ｅ．ｒｅｃｔｉｓｅｔｕｓ无融合生殖及其向小麦中导入的研究一直受到遗传育种学家的重视。与有性生殖相比,无融合生殖类型大孢子母细胞(ＭＭＣ)的形成有三个显著特点:(１)ＭＭＣ在早前期合点形成液泡;(２)ＭＭＣ核显著伸长;呈椭圆形或哑铃形;(３)ＭＭＣ周围缺乏含胼胝质的细胞壁。Ｅ．ｒｅｃｔｉｓｅｔｕｓ与披碱草属内的种间杂交取得较大进展,促进了其分类和遗传学研究。Ｅ．ｒｅｃｔｉｓｅｔｕｓ与近缘属杂交成功例子逐渐增多,目前国内外已成功进行了普通小麦与Ｅ．ｒｅｃｔｉｓｅｔｕｓ属间杂交,为最终将Ｅ．ｒｅｃｔｉｓｅｔｕｓ无融合生殖基因导入小麦奠定了基础。Elymus rectisetus (Nees in Lehm) A Love and Connor (2n=6x=42, SSYYWW) is the only apomict found in the Triticeae , which its apomixis is very important for wheat genetic improvement, because apomixis would fix hybrid heterosis of wheat and greatly reduce cost of seed. Compared with the megasporogenesis in the close sexual relative Elymus scabrus, diplospory in E.rectisetus has three traits: (1) megaspore mother cell (MMC) nucleus is grossly elongated, assuming ellipse or bellbar shape; (2) the abnormal formation of chalazal vecuoles during early prophase; (3) the lack of callose deposition within and about the cell walls. Progress of interspecific cross in Elymus contributed to study of their taxonomy and genetics. The intergeneric hybrid F1 between T. aestivum and apomictic E.rectisetus was obtained in U S A and China. BC1 was also obtained from backcross between F1 and T. aestivum. Production of F1 and BC1 will be useful for transferring apomictic gene(s) from E.rectisetus into wheat.

关 键 词：披碱草 小麦近缘属 无融合生殖 转育 研究进展 

分 类 号：Q949.714.2[生物学—植物学] S512.9[农业科学—作物学]