人工集鱼装置对热带金枪鱼类摄食模式的影响研究进展  

A review of impacts of fish aggregation devices(FADs) on feeding patterns for tropical tunas

作　　者：王少琴[1] 许柳雄[1,2,3,4] 王学昉[1,2,3,4] 朱国平[1,2,3,4] 

机构地区：[1]上海海洋大学海洋科学学院,上海201306 [2]国家远洋渔业工程技术研究中心,上海201306 [3]大洋渔业资源可持续开发省部共建教育部重点实验室,上海201306 [4]远洋渔业协同创新中心,上海201306

出　　处：《生态学报》2014年第13期3490-3498,共9页Acta Ecologica Sinica

基　　金：国家高技术研究发展计划(2012AA092302);国家自然科学基金(41006106);上海市青年科技启明星计划(11QA1403000);上海海洋大学科技发展专项基金

摘　　要：热带金枪鱼类具有聚集在漂浮物体周围的行为特性,形成的集群表现稳定,可捕性较高。以此特性,金枪鱼围网渔业研制并投放了大量的人工集鱼装置(Fish Aggregation Device,FAD)用于聚集并捕捞金枪鱼。然而,大规模出现的FAD会使某些海域海面漂浮物的密度迅速增加,从而在一定程度上人为地改变了金枪鱼的表层栖息环境,对金枪鱼种群具有一系列可能的潜在负面影响,摄食模式的改变就是其中之一。归纳并综合了近年来国内外关于FAD对金枪鱼类摄食模式影响的相关研究,从摄食行为、日摄食量、饵料种类与组成以及生态位宽度4个方面对比了随附于FAD的金枪鱼和自由状态下同类的不同,发现大多情况下FAD的存在会使金枪鱼的摄食模式发生一定的改变。最后,归纳了过往实验存在的不足,对今后研究的发展方向进行了展望。Tropical tunas are a kind of highly migratory oceanic fishes whose food organisms in perched waters are relatively scarce and are distributed as patches. The tunas are obliged to swim quickly in response to dynamic changes of its prey because of hardly lasting aggregation of food organisms. Tropical tunas are inclined to form natural aggregations which are usually referred to as free swimming schools. In early days,however,the artisanal fisherman noted that the tropical tunas have the habit of gathering around natural floating objects such as logs,seaweed mats,branches and palm leaves,forming stable aggregations,termed as floating-objects-associated schools. They found that fishing was much efficient near these objects than in an open ocean. Tuna purse seine fisheries utilized this type of behavior to develop a great number of fish aggregation devices（ FADs） for aggregating tuna and thus improve harvest efficiency. Two types of FADs are often used：drifting FADs（ dFADs） and anchored FADs（ aFADs）. Since the first FAD deployments,FADs-based fishing technology had developed rapidly throughout the early 1990 s,and FADs have been generally accepted as an effective mean to increase catch rates and reduce the energy consumption of purse seiners. The large-scale use of FADs,however,considerablyincreases the density of floating objects in some waters,and in turn,to some extent,artificially changes the surface habitat of the tuna. This may impose a series of potentially negative effects on tuna populations,such as changes in patterns of aggregation,feeding pattern and migratory movement and the decline of physical conditions for the population. Of those mentioned-above side effects,changes in the feeding pattern may have more profound impacts on fish populations as it exerts a direct effect on key life history processes,such as growth and reproduction. In the past 30 years,many studies have been conducted to evaluate whether and how FADs affect the feeding pattern. However,the results from these studies are st

关 键 词：金枪鱼围网 人工集鱼装置 金枪鱼类 摄食模式 生态影响 

分 类 号：S917.4[农业科学—水产科学]