秸秆还田配施不同比例化肥对晚稻产量及土壤养分的影响  

The effects of returning straw containing fertilizer with varying nutrient ratios on rice yield and soil fertility

作　　者：杨滨娟[1] 黄国勤[1] 徐宁[1] 钱海燕[2,3] 

机构地区：[1]江西农业大学生态科学研究中心,南昌330045 [2]中国科学院南京土壤研究所,南京210008 [3]江西省山江湖开发治理委员会办公室,南昌330046

出　　处：《生态学报》2014年第13期3779-3787,共9页Acta Ecologica Sinica

基　　金：国家科技支撑计划课题(2012BAD14B14-01;2007BAD89B18-03);江西省科技支撑计划项目(2009BNA09300);江西省研究生创新基金项目(YC2012-B016)

摘　　要：在不同秸秆还田方式对早稻的效应研究确定的最佳还田方式和还田量(粉碎还田3000 kg/hm2)基础上,以单施秸秆为对照,研究了秸秆还田配施不同比例化肥对晚稻产量、干物质积累与分配及土壤养分的影响。结果表明:(1)与对照相比,秸秆3000 kg/hm2+N 150 kg/hm2+P2O575 kg/hm2+K2O 37.5 kg/hm2增产效果最为显著,在水稻的每穗粒数、千粒重、结实率、充实度和产量等方面增加幅度最大,分别为9.32%、4.28%、13.70%、2.74%和26.38%。(2)各处理的干物质茎鞘比例随着生育进程不断降低,从孕穗期的66.68%—77.00%降低至成熟期的25.97%—34.79%,除SNPK1外,叶片比例从孕穗期的23.00%—33.32%降低至成熟期的7.41%—21.03%;秸秆还田配施不同比例化肥处理的茎鞘比例在孕穗期、抽穗期和成熟期高于对照,而叶片比例与茎鞘比例呈相反趋势。(3)与对照相比,秸秆还田配施不同比例化肥处理提高了土壤pH值、有机碳、全氮、碱解氮、全磷、有效磷、全钾、速效钾,降低了土壤C/N比。研究结果说明,秸秆还田配施不同比例化肥可以提高植株干物质积累速率、群体生物量,合理改善土壤养分,保证较高的水稻增产潜力,其中秸秆3000 kg/hm2+N 150 kg/hm2+P2O575 kg/hm2+K2O 37.5 kg/hm2效果最为显著。Straw is rich in organic carbon,nitrogen（ N）,phosphorus（ P）,potassium（ K）,silicon（ Si） and other nutrients that can improve physical,chemical and biological properties,increase crop yield,and lower fertilizer costs.Straw is mainly composed of cellulose,hemicellulose and lignin,and the C /N ratio is generally about 60—80, straw is therefore not easily decomposed by microorganisms in soil. Straw also needs to absorb a certain amount of N,for which it competes with crops,affecting seedling growth. Returning straw that contains a certain proportion of fertilizer N and P can mediate the soil C /N ratio,accelerate straw decomposition,and relieve the competition for inorganic nitrogen from microorganisms during the decomposition process. To explore the decomposition patterns of straw,we designed an experiment in Jiangxi to examine changes in dry matter production,soil properties,and biological processes in response toreturning straw. The amount of crushed straw used（ 3000 kg /hm2） was determined by an examination of the effects of different amounts of returning straw on early rice. We researched the effects of returning straw containing different ratios of fertilizer on rice yield,dry matter accumulation and distribution,and soil fertility. We used a single application of straw as a control. Other treatments were SN1（ 3000 kg/hm2 of crushed straw ＋ 150 kg /hm2N）,SN2（ 3000 kg/hm2 of crushed straw＋ 225 kg /hm2N）,SP1（ 3000 kg/hm2 of crushed straw ＋ 75 kg /hm2P2O5）,SP2（ 3000 kg/hm2 of crushed straw ＋ 112. 5kg / hm2P2O5）,SNP1（ 3000 kg/hm2 of crushed straw ＋ 150 kg /hm2 N ＋ 75 kg /hm2P2O5）,SNP2（ 3000 kg/hm2 of crushed straw ＋ 225 kg /hm2 N ＋ 112. 5 kg /hm2P2O5）,SNPK1（ 3000 kg/hm2 of crushed straw ＋ 150 kg /hm2 N ＋ 75 kg /hm2P2O5＋ 37. 5 kg /hm2K2O）,SNPK2（ 3000 kg/hm2 of crushed straw ＋ 225 kg /hm2 N ＋ 112. 5 kg /hm2P2O5＋ 56. 3 kg /hm2K2O）. The results demonstrate the following：（ 1） Compared with the control,the returning straw with low leve

关 键 词：秸秆还田 不同比例化肥 干物质生产 水稻产量 土壤养分 

分 类 号：S511.33[农业科学—作物学]