早春覆黑膜桃园花期气象效应及防霜效果试验初报  

Meteorological and Antifrost Effects in Flower Season of Peach Trees Covered with Black Plastic Film in Early Spring

作　　者：许彦平[1,2] 姚晓红[2] 万信[3] 沈冬梅 任华荣[3] 杨睿 吴婷芳 

机构地区：[1]中国气象局兰州干旱研究所,甘肃省干旱气候变化与减灾重点实验室,中国气象局干旱气候变化与减灾重点开放实验室,甘肃兰州730020 [2]甘肃省天水市气象局,甘肃天水741000 [3]甘肃省气象局,甘肃兰州730020 [4]甘肃省陇南市气象局,甘肃陇南742500 [5]甘肃省秦安县气象局,甘肃秦安741010

出　　处：《干旱区研究》2014年第4期643-648,共6页Arid Zone Research

基　　金：公益性行业(气象)科研专项中国北方果树霜冻灾害防御关键技术研究(GYHY201206023);果树气象灾害风险的综合评估技术和方法研究(2014-12)

摘　　要：为有效防御桃园花期晚霜冻危害,2012年4月在秦安县进行早春覆黑膜桃园花期气象效应及防霜效果试验。试验得出:早春桃园地表覆黑膜后,其较好的增温保墒作用,能使桃树地表层和桃树冠层内保持相对较高的温湿度条件,桃园土壤浅层0～40 cm和桃树冠层50～150 cm处平均温度较无膜桃园分别偏高0.3～0.4℃和1.3℃,平均土壤相对湿度提高2～6个百分点,较好的水热资源配置,能够增强树势,提高桃树抗霜冻能力。在晚霜冻主要危害时段的夜间增温最为明显,增温幅度分别为0.8～0.9℃和1.0～1.1℃,冠层最低温度层50 cm处增温1.2℃,温度梯度温差降低0.4℃,相对较高的夜温条件能为花期提供一定的热量条件,并有效缩短了桃树花期,可减轻其遭受春季晚霜冻危害几率和危害程度。通过对2012年4月12—13日覆膜桃园盖膜防霜和烟熏两种试验,出现轻霜冻时段的04:00—07:00时桃树冠层100 cm处最低温度4.2℃和2.1℃,较无盖膜防霜桃园偏高1.2℃和0.9℃;较无膜无防霜桃园偏高5.0℃和2.9℃。虽然熏烟防霜是一种传统的方法,具有一定的效果,但就目前来说,不符合生态保护的理念。因此,覆膜桃园盖膜防霜不仅体现了极佳的防霜效果,而且有利于生态保护,便于操作,易于推广。In order to effectively protect peach trees against frost disaster in early spring,the tests of meteorological and antifrost effects were carried out in Qin＇an County,Gansu Province in flower season of peach trees covered with black plastic film in April 2012. The results revealed that black plastic film could be used to effectively increase the temperature and humidity of topsoil,the average temperature and humidity of topsoil（ 0- 40 cm） could be increased by 0. 3- 0. 4 ℃ and 2- 6 percentage points,and the average temperature at 50- 150 cm peach canopy was increased by 1. 3 ℃. Thus,the growth of peach trees could be improved,the antifrost capability of peach trees could be improved,and the temperature of topsoil and peach canopy could be significantly increased,especially at night. The temperatures of peach canopies protected by covering black plastic film and smoking were4. 2 ℃ and 2. 1 ℃ respectively during the period of 04： 00- 07： 00 o＇clock on April 13,2012,and they were1. 2 ℃ and 0. 9 ℃ higher than those without protection. Therefore,it was suggested to protect peach trees with black plastic film against frost disaster in early spring.

关 键 词：覆黑膜桃园 花期 地温 土壤湿度 防霜效果 天水 甘肃 

分 类 号：S662.1[农业科学—果树学]