黑龙江省农业气象灾害的动态特征及其对粮食生产的影响  

Dynamic Characteristics of Agricultural Meteorological Disasters and Their Impacts on Food Production in Heilongjiang Province

作　　者：郭丽娜[1] 张立新[1] 

机构地区：[1]曲阜师范大学经济学院,山东日照276826

出　　处：《潍坊工程职业学院学报》2014年第4期72-77,共6页Journal of Weifang Engineering Vocational College

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学研究项目(12YJA790109);山东省高等学校人文社会科学研究计划项目(J10WJ80);山东省自然科学基金(ZR2012GL05)

摘　　要：对黑龙江省1978-2011年期间农业气象灾害以及粮食产量的数据进行分析,结果发现:黑龙江省的农业气象灾害种类较多、发生频繁、季节性强、交替出现、地域性强;农作物灾情均呈现扩大之势,年均受灾率和成灾率分别高达41%和20%,出现高灾害强度指数的年份间隔越来越短;粮食产量与受灾面积和成灾面积呈反向变动关系;粮食年均灾损量为372.47万吨,年均灾损比例为12.77%;从对粮食生产影响的程度来看,风雹灾害最严重,旱涝灾害次之,而冷冻灾害则无显著影响。为保障黑龙江省粮食生产的安全,应该采取必要措施:普及农业气象灾害基础知识,提高农民的防灾减灾意识;大力培养灾害预测技术人才,加强抗灾作物的选种和育种;加强防灾、减灾基础设施建设;建立和完善农业气象灾害保险制度。Food production in Heilongjiang Province is facing a variety of agricultural meteorological disasters.Analysis of the data between 1978- 2011 showed that：agricultural meteorological disasters had many chracteristics,such as more types,occurring frequently,seasonal,alternating and regional;crops affected areas showed a tendency to expand;average annual rate and the disaster affected rate were as high as 41% and 20%;high intensity index Disaster Year appeared at increasingly short intervals;food production changed reversely with affected areas and inundataed areas;annual loss of food production were 3.7247 million tons on the average and average intensity was high up to 12.77%.From the food production degree of influence of view,the most severe disaster was hail,then droughts and floods,followed by the freezing disaster with no significant impact.To protect the safety of food production,Heilongjiang Province should take the following measures：popularizzing basic knowledge of agricultural meteorological disasters,increasing farmers ＇ awareness of disaster prevention and mitigation;vigorously training disaster prediction and technical personnel to strengthen disaster crop selection and breeding;strengthening disaster prevention,mitigation infrastructure;establishing and perfecting the system of agricultural meteorological disaster insurance.

关 键 词：粮食生产 农业气象灾害 黑龙江省 

分 类 号：S42[农业科学—植物保护]