行走在竞争和规制之间的德国能源经济改革  

Energy-economy Reform in Germany:Between Competition and Regulation

作　　者：方小敏[1] 

机构地区：[1]南京大学法学院暨中德法学研究所,南京210093

出　　处：《南京大学学报（哲学．人文科学．社会科学）》2014年第4期35-45,158,共11页Journal of Nanjing University(Philosophy,Humanities and Social Sciences)

基　　金：国家社科基金项目(13BFX119)

摘　　要：传统自然垄断行业的市场化改革,肇始于20世纪80年代发达市场经济国家,其实践探索、理论发展和制度建设至今仍处于高度活跃和快速演变之中。德国能源经济市场化改革的演变发展是传统垄断行业市场化改革的典型案例。从"区域垄断取代竞争"到"通过去规制化引入竞争"再到"通过规制实现竞争"的改革进程,以及是否应"向一般竞争法过渡"的疑惑,揭示出垄断行业改革的本质和难题是在监管模式设计中竞争监管与行业规制的不同比例、不同程度的调配与整合。对于和管网紧密联系的公用事业来说,单纯依靠"去规制化"下的事后竞争监管无法实现真正的竞争,需要建立新型的行业规制理念和模式,通过规制为市场竞争创造条件。竞争监管和行业规制之间的比例关系受制于特定行业的市场结构和竞争状况及其变化发展。应当适时适度调整两者的比例关系,避免规制模式的僵化。The reform of traditional natural-monopoly sectors with market-based pattern was first found in the well-developed-market economies in 1980 s.And its practical exploration,theoretical development and system construction have been developing dynamically and fruitfully even up to date.The reform of energy economy in Germany is available as a typical case.The uncertainty,induced by the changes from'regional monopoly without competition,'to'competition by deregulation,'then to 'competition by regulation,'and finally to'universal competition,'has made clear the major problem in the reform:the difficulty of achieving a balance between supervision of competition and regulation of business.As to such public utilities as electricity service and drainage system,nothing but deregulation-patterned afterward supervision could not get realized the competition in its authentic sense.We need brand-new ideas and models of business regulations to create a favorable setting for competition.The balance between supervision of competition and regulation of business depends on the market structure,competition circumstances and development situation of the business involved.It is necessary to have moderate and timely adjustment,so as to avoid any ossification in regulation models.

关 键 词：能源经济 垄断行业 市场化改革 竞争 规制 

分 类 号：F416.2[经济管理—产业经济] F451.6