从张家坡墓地看西周社会基层地域组织  

Basic Residential Unit in Western Zhou: In the Example of Cemetery at Zhangjiapo

作　　者：林森[1] 

机构地区：[1]吉林大学古籍研究所,长春130012

出　　处：《中国国家博物馆馆刊》2014年第7期63-74,共12页Journal of National Museum of China

摘　　要：陕西长安张家坡西周墓地1983-1986年发掘区的北区墓地中既有周人贵族井叔家族的墓葬,也有殷遗民和古羌族的墓葬,所以该墓地的性质不是单纯的井叔家族墓地。本文参考出土文字和传世文献中有关"里"的记载,认为"里"是西周的地域性基层组织,在晚商时期就已经出现了,而且"里"中居民的身份可以是多种多样的。在西周时的都城丰邑中聚居着周人和其联合的他族部众,以及从东面迁来的殷遗民,人群构成可谓复杂。面对这种形势,周王朝的统治者在利用血缘家族的纽带作用来维系其统治的同时,还使用了高于血缘关系的基层地域组织—"里",以对居住于丰邑的诸族人群进行统一管辖。所以本文推测张家坡北区墓地是井叔家族所居住的丰邑中某个"里"的聚葬地,属于地域性墓地。由此可见,考古发现的商周时期的墓地并不一定都是家族墓地,这些墓地中所埋葬人群的社会关系有可能是地缘性的。The Western Zhou cemetery at Zhangjiapo, Chang＇an, Shaanxi province was excavated from 1983 to 1986. The owners of its northern part included the Zhou nobility Jingshu clan, the Shang people and ancient Qiang people. According to excavated written materials and ancient literature, the earliest record about li [里] as a residential unit dates to the late Shang dynasty. During the Western Zhou, li became a basic residential unit. The capital Fengyi was home to various peoples such as the Zhou people, allies of Zhou and Shang immigrants. In this situation, blood relationship and the basic unit of li were used by the Zhou rulers to govern the residents. Therefore, the northern part of Zhangjiapo cemetery possibly belonged to residents living in a li in the capital. It can be concluded that not all the cemeteries of the Shang and Zhou period were exclusive family cemeteries.

关 键 词：张家坡西周墓地 基层地域组织 里 

分 类 号：K878.8[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]