犯罪·集体意识·惩罚——涂尔干法社会学的三个核心概念  

Crime,Collective Consciousness and Punishment——Three Core Concepts in Durkheim's Sociology of Law

作　　者：任宇宁[1] 刘艳敏[2] 

机构地区：[1]中国政法大学民商法学院 [2]中国政法大学刑事司法学院

出　　处：《东南学术》2014年第5期146-151,248,共6页Southeast Academic Research

摘　　要：身为现代法社会学之父,法国学者埃米尔·涂尔干在社会学思想界享有崇高声誉。涂尔干法社会学理论,把道德事实当成自然事实加以考证,并试图以法律为指标,以求探察社会道德核心之深度。为此,涂尔干以集体意识为基点,演绎出了一整套逻辑严谨、别具特色的犯罪与惩罚理论。涂尔干认为,犯罪的本质在于对集体意识的大肆破坏与恣意践踏,犯罪内透着强烈的个体威胁与社会威胁。因此,惩罚便成了对抗犯罪之不二手段,通过惩罚,集体意识得以再次确认与复原。于集体意识之面相,涂尔干法社会学指出,作为研究犯罪与惩罚的逻辑概念,集体意识处于三者关系的逻辑原点:集体意识的存在预示了犯罪的存在,集体意识的历史演变决定了犯罪的评断标准。随着现代性文明的发展,集体意识也注定从强制性特质走向软性而柔和,理性与宽容必定成为惩罚社会犯罪之主旋律。As the father of modern sociology of law,Emile Durkheim,a French scholar,enjoys a high reputation in the ideological circle of sociology. Durkheim's sociological theory proved moral facts instead of natural facts and attempted to explore the profundity of the core of social morality by taking law as the index. He took collective consciousness as the starting point to develop logical and distinctive theories of crime and punishment. According to Durkheim,the nature of a crime lies in the violent destruction and unscrupulous abuse of collective consciousness and the crime is both an individual threat and a social threat. Therefore,punishment has become the only proper means against a crime. By punishment,collective consciousness can be reconfirmed and recovered. Regarding the features of collective consciousness,Durkheim's sociology of law points out,as a logical concept for studying crime and punishment,collective consciousness is at the logical origin of the relationship among the three: the existence of collective consciousness indicates the existence of a crime and the historical evolution of collective consciousness determines the judging standard of a crime. With the development of modern civilization,collective consciousness is destined to become soft and gentle from its compulsory features,rationality and tolerance are bound to be the main theme of punishment against crime.

关 键 词：涂尔干 法社会学思想 犯罪与惩罚 集体意识 个人意识 

分 类 号：DF0-052[政治法律—法学理论]