铵态氮肥和硝态氮肥施入时期对小麦增产的影响  

Effects of Applied Time of Ammonium and Nitrate N on Wheat Yield

作　　者：苗艳芳[1] 吕静霞[1] 李生秀[2] 王朝辉[2] 李晓涵[2] 罗来超[1] 李娜[1] 

机构地区：[1]河南科技大学农学院,河南洛阳471003 [2]西北农林科技大学资源环境学院,陕西杨陵712100

出　　处：《水土保持学报》2014年第4期91-96,共6页Journal of Soil and Water Conservation

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(30971866);河南省自然科学研究项目(2010B210006);洛阳市科技攻关项目(1203206B)

摘　　要：在陕西永寿和河南洛阳进行2年大田试验,研究铵态和硝态氮肥在小麦不同播期施用和播前15∽20天施用的效果。试验设不施氮、施铵态氮和硝态氮各100kg/hm2 3个处理;试验期间分别测定根际与非根际土壤铵、硝态氮和pH变化,以及不同时期植物体内铵态氮、硝态氮和酰胺态氮的含量。试验表明,在硝态氮含量低的土壤上,硝态氮肥效果一般优于铵态氮肥,但效果大小和播期早晚、施氮早晚有关。早期播种硝态氮对籽粒增产量比铵态氮高出0.68倍,晚期播种增产1.75倍;播前15天施氮,硝态氮和铵态氮的增产率分别为10.7%和8.8%,无显著差异,而晚期施氮,分别为10.5%和6.2%,差异显著。施用硝态氮,小麦根际土壤pH有上升而施用铵态氮有下降现象,升降幅度为0.1左右pH单位。非根际土壤向根际土壤的养分传输低于作物吸收速率,根际内土壤的硝态氮有耗竭现象,非根际土壤硝态氮平均浓度为11.7mg/kg,而根际土壤仅为4.4mg/kg,后者仅为前者的38%。硝态氮肥不但能使小麦吸收较多的硝态氮,而且能将吸收的硝态氮较快地转化为铵态氮和酰胺态氮,及时转送到茎叶生长部位,对保证作物氮素营养有更好效果。Field experiments were conducted for two years in Yongshou, Shaanxi Province, and Luoyang, Henan Province, to study the effects of application of nitrate and ammonium nitrogen （N） at different wheat- sown time and at 15--20 days before wheat sowing on wheat yield. Trials included three treatments, control （without N fertilization）, and application of nitrate N and ammonium N at a rate of 100 kg N/hm2 as basal fertilizer. During the plant growing period, soil pH, concentrations of ammonium N and nitrate N were determined in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil, and those of nitrate N, ammonium N and amide N in plants were measured at three wheat growing stages. Results showed that in soils deficient in nitrate N, effect of ni- trate N fertilizer was generally superior to ammonium N. However, the effect magnitudes of the two N forms were determined by wheat-sown time and N applied date. When wheat was sown earlier than usual, nitrate N increased seed yield by 0.68 times while when sown later, it increased by 1.75 times compared to am- monium N. Similarly, application of N fertilizer 15 days earlier before wheat sowing, nitrate N and ammoni- um N increased seed yield by 10.7% and 8.8%, respectively, and there was no significant difference between the two N forms. In contrast, when applied time was delayed, their increases were 10.5% and 6.2%, respectively, being significant at 0.05 level. Soil pH in rhizosphere increased with application nitrate N while decreased with ammonium N addition, the increase or decrease being varied around 0.1 pH unit. The transfer of nitrate N from non-rhizosphere to rhizosphere soil was so slow that depletion of nitrate N occurred in rhizosphere soil： The concentration of nitrate N was 11.7 in non-rhizosphere soil while 4.4 mg/kg in rhizosphere, the latter being 38% of the former. Compared to ammonium N, application of nitrate N not only increased nitrate N concentrations in wheat plants, but ammonium N and amide N concentrations as well. Due to the rapid transformation of the

关 键 词：小麦 铵态氮 硝态氮 施氮时期 

分 类 号：S143.1[农业科学—肥料学] S512.1[农业科学—农业基础科学]