新疆阿勒泰地区的洪水特性  

Flood Characteristics of Altay Area, Xinjiang

作　　者：努尔兰.哈再孜 沈永平[2] 

机构地区：[1]新疆阿勒泰水文水资源勘测局,新疆阿勒泰836500 [2]中国科学院寒区旱区环境与工程研究所,甘肃兰州730000

出　　处：《水文》2014年第4期74-81,共8页Journal of China Hydrology

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(41201062;41271083)

摘　　要：受洪水补给来源和阿尔泰山山势影响,阿勒泰地区洪水发生时间比新疆其他以高山永久积雪和冰川融水补给为主的河流偏早.因此,从认识洪水特性、预防洪水灾害角度出发,对阿勒泰地区洪水发生机制、时空分布和变化特点进行分析研究是很有必要的.利用阿勒泰地区各主要河流1960～2011年历年洪峰、冬季和汛期降水、气温和700hPa高空温度资料,对洪水发生机制、时空分布和变化特点进行分析.结果表明：（1）本区洪水类型有融雪型洪水、融雪与降水混合型洪水和暴雨型洪水;（2）洪水与冬季积雪和汛期气温、降雨有关;（3）汛期过程相对短,主汛期发生时间以5月下旬至6月中旬期为主;（4）洪水挟沙能力强,汛期含沙量占年含沙量近90％;（5）暴雨洪水多发生于阿勒泰地区的中东部区域河流上;（6）全区洪水具有同步性,洪水年际变化相对小.As a result of the flood source and Ahai Mountains, the floods occur in Altay area, Xinjiang are usually earlier than those in other basins fed by permanent snow and glacier melt water. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the flood characteristics, analyze the flood happening mechanism, spatial and temporal distribution and variations. In this paper, the data such as flood peak, winter precipitation, and precipitation and air temperature in flood season from 1960 to 2011 were used to analyze the mechanism, spatial and temporal distribution and variations of the floods. The results show： （1） There are 3 types of flood snowmeh flood, mixed flood of snowmeh and precipitation and rainstorm flood. （2） Flood is related to winter snow cover, air temperature, and precipitation in flood season. （3） Flood process is relatively short, the flood time is from the late May to the middle of June. （4） The sand content in flood season accounted for nearly 90% of sediment concentration. （5） The rainstorm floods usually occur in the rivers in mid--eastern Altai area. （5） The flood in whole region is synchronous, interannual variation of flood is relatively small.

关 键 词：洪水特点 融雪洪水 融雪与降水混合洪水 气候变化 阿勒泰地区 新疆 

分 类 号：P333[天文地球—水文科学]