控释氮肥对抗除草剂转基因水稻田土壤甲烷排放的影响  

Effect of controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer on CH_4 emission in transgenic rice from a paddy soil

作　　者：周文鳞[1] 娄运生[1] 

机构地区：[1]南京信息工程大学应用气象学院,南京210044

出　　处：《生态学报》2014年第16期4555-4560,共6页Acta Ecologica Sinica

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(41375159);江苏省自然科学基金(BK20131430);教育部高校博士点基金(20103228110003);江苏省"333工程"项目

摘　　要：采用温室盆栽和静态箱-气相色谱法,研究了控释氮肥对抗除草剂转基因水稻和亲本常规水稻稻田土壤甲烷(CH4)排放的影响。供试土壤为潴育型水稻土,氮肥种类为尿素和控释氮肥。结果表明,与对照(尿素)相比,控释氮肥提高了水稻分蘖数、株高、生物量及产量。水稻品种对CH4季节性排放规律没有明显影响,CH4排放通量基本表现为,自水稻移栽后逐渐升高,移栽后62—92 d出现峰值,而后逐渐降低至水稻收获。与对照相比,控释氮肥可显著降低CH4排放通量和全生育期累积排放量。抗除草剂转基因水稻稻田土壤CH4排放通量和累积排放量均显著低于亲本常规水稻。研究认为,一次性基施控释氮肥和种植抗除草剂转基因水稻对有效减缓稻田甲烷排放具有重要意义。Nitrogen is one of essential nutrients in rice production. Although nitrogen supply increased productivity, nitrogen utilization efficiency was very low in rice production. Some researchers revealed that nearly two-fifths of nitrogen input was lost in different pathways. Excessive use of nitrogen fertilizer not only caused waste of resources but also brought harmful impacts on eco-environment, such as greenhouse effect and pollution to water body and soil. Rice paddies are regarded as one of major CH4 emission sources with annual estimates about 31 to 112 Tg, accounting for 5%--19% of global total CH4 emissions. CH4 emission was promoted by application of fresh organic fertilizer and significantly reduced by biogas fertilizer after fermentation treatment in rice paddies. Effects of chemical nitrogen fertilizer on CH4 emission from rice paddies were complicated, which were controlled by soil C/N ratio, fertilizer type, fertilization amount and mode, etc. Fertilization affected CH4 emission through influencing soil physicoehemical properties, soil microbial community （methanogens and methanotrophs ） and plant growth （e.g. development of aerenchyma, formation of root exudates ）. Controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer （CRNF）, as eco-friendly fertilizer, is able to delay nitrogen release, provide a synchronous N supply for plant, thus reduce the accumulation of inorganic N in soil and the risk of N losses. Fewer reports are available regarding the effect of controlled-release N fertilizer on CH4 emission in rice paddies. Genetic transformation in rice has achieved rapid development since the first transgenic modification in 1988. Genes containing traits such as resistant to insects, diseases, and tolerant to herbicides, drought and salt have been effectively transferred into different rice varieties. Transgenic rice brought higher yield with less labor intensity, cost and use of pesticides and environmental pollution. However, it is still under argument about the safety of transgenic rice on eco-environmen

关 键 词：控释氮肥 抗除草剂转基因水稻 甲烷 排放通量 水稻土 

分 类 号：S511[农业科学—作物学]