从赫斯特案看英国人权保障机制的演进  

The Evolution of the Human Rights Protection Mechanisms in the UK:From the Perspective of the Case of Hirst v. UK

作　　者：唐颖侠[1] 史虹生 

机构地区：[1]南开大学法学院

出　　处：《南开学报（哲学社会科学版）》2014年第5期36-48,共13页Nankai Journal:Philosophy,Literature and Social Science Edition

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目(11&ZD072);教育部人权教育与培训基地重大项目(12JJD820021)

摘　　要：赫斯特诉英国案引发了由英国媒体和政界推波助澜、公众与学界共同参与的一场关于废除《人权法》并取而代之制定新的《权利法案》的大辩论。1998年《人权法》将《欧洲人权公约》内化为英国国内法,开启了英国人权司法保护的新纪元。在议会至上原则基础上发展了英国的人权司法保护机制,使得《欧洲人权公约》中的权利在英国国内法院具有可诉性,然而近年来欧洲人权法院陆续做出对英国不利的判决,尤其是涉及囚犯选举权的赫斯特诉英国案,《人权法》成为众矢之的。英国人权保护机制自1215年《大宪章》以来,坚守着自由法治和议会至上的传统,通过不成文宪法和司法谦抑维持着个人权利与公共利益之间的平衡。1998年《人权法》精致地设计出司法机关的解释权和宣告权,在尊重议会立法权的基础上,创立了"柔性司法审查机制"温和地保护着人权,是司法进步,废除《人权法》取而代之更加体现英国本土价值的《权利法案》,可能会与欧洲人权保护机制渐行渐远,并影响英国人权保护的国际声誉,并非明智之举。The case of Hirst v. UK has caused a broad debate on the issue of＂replacing the‘Human Rights Act＇with a new‘Bill of Rights＇,＂a debate that was fueled by the politicians and the media and joined by the public and academics. The 1998＂Human Rights Act,＂as a milestone of human rights protection in the UK, incorporated the＂European Convention on Human Rights＂and made it part of the UK＇s domestic law. Its human rights protection mechanisms are built on the doctrine of parliament supremacy, making it possible for individuals to appeal to domestic courts for the protection of the rights as stated in＂European Convention on Human Rights.＂However, the European Court of Human Rights in recent years has made frequent judgments that embarrass the UK, especially with regard to the issue of prisoner disenfranchisement in the case of Hirst v UK, making the＂Human Rights Act＂a target of public criticism. This paper argues that since the making of the＂Great Charter＂in 1215, the British human rights protection mechanisms had been adhering to a tradition that respected freedom, the rule of law and the supremacy of Parliament, striking a balance between individual rights and public interests through unwritten Constitution and judicial humility. The 1998＂Human Rights Act＂was elaborately designed to confer the courts with power to interpret legislation and issue a declaration of incompatibility in a manner that respected the legislation of the Parliament and protected human rights with a＂flexible mechanism for judicial review,＂a practice that was indeed a judicial advancement. Repealing the＂Human Rights Act＂and replacing it with a new＂Bill of Rights＂to reflect the British values may lead the UK to drift away from the European human rights system and compromise the international reputation of UK＇s human rights protection, which is a practice that cannot be considered wise.

关 键 词：人权司法保护 议会至上 欧洲人权法院 《权利法案》 

分 类 号：D956.1[政治法律—法学] DD911