殷周人文转向与儒学的宗教性  

The Shift towards Man in the Shang and Zhou Dynasties and the Religious Nature of Confucianism

作　　者：洪修平[1] 

机构地区：[1]南京大学哲学系

出　　处：《中国社会科学》2014年第9期36-54,203,共19页Social Sciences in China

基　　金：国家社科基金项目"儒佛道三教关系与中国宗教的发展及精神"(编号:07BZJ005);教育部哲学社会科学研究重大课题攻关项目(批准号:10JZD0004)的阶段性成果

摘　　要：殷周人文转向是由神本转向人本。它既是儒道诸子思想之源,也奠定了以后中国文明发展的基本精神,规范了其主要走向,使中国宗教在发展中形成了一种特有的以人为本的人神关系。儒学一方面深受上古三代以来的宗教传统的影响,另一方面又接续着此人本转向,由此构成其人文性与宗教性的两重性。儒学的宗教性既表现在对天道性命的思考中,也体现在对敬天祭祖的人神关系的关注中。儒学的这种两重性对中国社会接纳外来宗教和文化产生重要影响,既是大乘佛教在华成功传播的重要条件,也是基督教在华传播屡屡受挫的重要原因。儒家在上古三代以来宗教传统中生成的"人学"的宗教性,成为现代新儒家寻求理论突破的重要资源。超越对天道性命的单向强调,同时关注儒学在敬天祭祖之人神关系方面的宗教性,也许能更加全面地回归儒学自身的特质。The shift toward man during the Shang and Zhou Dynasties was a move from being god-centered to being human-centered.Not only was this the source of Confucian and Taoist philosophical thought;it also laid down the spiritual foundations for the further development of Chinese civilization and established the norms for its main trends.The shift towards man meant that as it grew,Chinese religion developed a distinctive people-centered relationship between man and the gods.Confucianism was deeply influenced by the religious tradition of the Xia,Shang and Zhou on the one hand,but on the other,it continued the shift towards man through its dual character of humanism and religion.The religious nature of Confucianism was embodied not only in its thinking about life and the Way of Heaven,but also in its attention to the human/divine relationship as seen in veneration for Heaven and ancestor worship.This duality of Confucianism has exerted an important influence on China' s acceptance of foreign religions and cultures.It was both an important precondition for the successful spread of Mahayana Buddhism in China and the prime cause of the repeated failure of efforts to propagate Christianity.The religious nature of the Confucian 'humanism'that developed in the religious tradition handed down from the Xia,Shang and Zhou dynasties is an important resource for today' s new Confucians in their quest for theoretical breakthroughs.If we transcend the one-way emphasis on the Way of Heaven and man' s nature and destiny of Confucianism and pay heed to its religious dimension—the human/divine relationship evinced in veneration for Heaven and ancestor worship—we may be able to return more fully to the distinctive character of Confucianism.

关 键 词：儒学 宗教性 人文转向 三代宗教 

分 类 号：B222[哲学宗教—中国哲学]